Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241
Verlag:
Vde Verlag Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
1 | Einleitung und Systematik der Kabelfehlerortung | 19 |
^Sehler | 20 | |
2.1 | Parallele Fehler | 20 |
2.2 | Fehler in Längsrichtung (Abriss, Unterbrechung) | 21 |
2.3 | Erdfühlige Fehler (Erdfehler, Mantelfehler) | 22 |
2.4 | Bemerkung | 23 |
3 | Systematik der Kabelprüfung, Diagnose und Fehlerortung | 24 |
3.1 | Prüfung, Diagnose und Teilentladungsmessung | 24 |
3.2 | Lokalisierung aller Typen von Kabelfehlern | 25 |
3.3 | Messmethoden Kabelfehlerortung | 26 |
Sicherheit | 29 | |
4.1 | Die fünf Sicherheitsregeln | 29 |
4.2 | Sicherheitseinrichtungen an elektrischen Prüfanlagen | 31 |
4.3 Der Anschluss eines Kabelfehlerortungssystems | ||
mit Sicherheitssystem | 31 | |
4.4 Sicherheit im Niederspannungs- | ||
und Straßenbeleuchtungsnetz | 33 | |
4.5 | Querschnitte | 34 |
4.6 | Generatorbetrieb | 34 |
5 Fehlerklassifizierung durch | ||
Isolations- und Widerstandsmessung | 35 | |
5.1 | Einleitung | 35 |
5.2 | Isolationsmessung | 35 |
5.3 | Widerstandsmessung des Fehlers | 36 |
5.4 | Übersichtsmessung mit dem Reflektometer | 37 |
5.5 | Ergebnisse der Fehlerklassifizierung | 37 |
?D | ||
Vorortungs- und Impulsreflexionsverfahren | 40 | |
Einleitung | 40 | |
Grundlagen | 40 | |
Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit des Impulses v/2 | 41 | |
Reflexionsfaktor | 42 | |
Impulsbreite | 44 | |
Kabeldämpfung und Kabeldispersion | 46 | |
Kompensation und Anpassung | 48 | |
Messmethoden | 48 | |
Ablauf einer Reflexionsmessung | 48 | |
Direkte Reflexionsmessung | 50 | |
Adervergleich | 50 | |
IFL Mode (Fehlerortung von Wackelkontakten) | 51 | |
Differenzmessung | 51 | |
Mittelwertbildung (Averageing) | 52 | |
6.8.7 Parallele Fehler mit unterschiedlichen | ||
Fehlerwiderständen (Negative Reflexion) | 52 | |
6.8.8 Längsfehler mit unterschiedlichen | ||
Fehlerwiderständen (Positive Reflexion) | 53 | |
6.8.9 Beispiele für die typische Reaktion | ||
einer Reflexionsmessung | 55 | |
Messung an Freileitungen | 56 | |
Grundlagen | 56 | |
Fehler | 57 | |
Vorortung mit Lichtbogenreflexionsverfahren | 58 | |
Einleitung | 58 | |
(Arc Reflection Method) | 62 | |
ARM® Verfahren (induktiv) | 62 | |
Doppelstoßverfahren | 63 | |
ARM® Verfahren (aktiv) | 64 | |
SIM / ARM® Verfahren (passiv/resistiv) | 64 | |
ARM® Plus Verfahren | 65 | |
ARM® slide Methode | 66 | |
Decay Plus Verfahren | 66 | |
ARM®/Lichtbogen Brennen | 68 | |
EE9 | ||
8 | Vororten mit Transienten Verfahren | 70 |
8.1 | Einleitung | 70 |
8.1.1 | Die transiente Welle | 70 |
8.1.2 | Die transiente Welle am Ende offener Leitung | 70 |
8.1.3 Die transiente Welle am Ende | ||
kurzgeschlossener Leitung | 71 | |
8.2 | DECAY (Spannungsauskopplung) | 72 |
8.2.1 | Beschreibung des Vorgangs | 72 |
8.3 | ICE Stromauskopplung einphasig | 74 |
8.3.1 | lonisations-Verzögerungszeit | 75 |
8.4 | Stoßstrommethode | 75 |
8.4.1 | Auswertung | 76 |
9 | Vororten mit der dreiphasigen Stromauskopplung | 79 |
9.1 | ICE (Stromauskopplung dreiphasig) | 79 |
9.1.1 | Stoßwellengenerator als Impulsquelle | 79 |
9.1.2 | Hochspannungs-Prüfgerät als Quelle | 79 |
9.1.3 | Der Stromkoppler | 80 |
9.1.4 | Differenzial Vergleichsmethode | 81 |
9.2 | Messung im verzweigten Netz | 82 |
9.2.1 | Erste Messung | 82 |
9.2.2 | Zweite Messung | 83 |
9.2.3 | Auswertung der Messung | 84 |
10 | Fehlerortung in Niederspannungsnetzen | 86 |
10.1 | Einleitung | 86 |
10.2 Typ und Verhalten von Kabelfehlern | ||
im Niederspannungsnetz | 86 | |
10.3 Das technische Problem bei der Fehlerortung | ||
in verzweigten Netzen | 87 | |
10.4 Vororten im Niederspannungsnetz auf Basis | ||
von Impulsreflexionsverfahren | 88 | |
10.5 | IFL- Fehlerortung intermittierender Fehler | 91 |
10.6 | Messen an unter Spannung stehenden NS-Netzen | 91 |
10.7 Sicherheit bei Messungen an unter Spannung | ||
stehenden Netzen | 92 | |
10.8 | ARM® Verfahren | 93 |
m | ||
10.9 | Online Reflektometer Monitoring | 94 |
10.10 | ICEPIus Verfahren | 94 |
10.10.1 | Einfachste Fehlerortung | 96 |
10.11 | Ergänzende Verfahren | 98 |
10.11.1 | Automatische Sicherungssysteme | 98 |
10.11.2 | Vororten in isolierten Netzwerken (z.B. IT-Netze) | 98 |
10.11.3 | Vororten nach der Spannungsabfallmethode | 100 |
10.11.4 Null- (Neutral) Leiter-Unterbrechung - | ||
Impedanzmessung | 101 | |
11 | Mantelfehlerortung | 104 |
11.1 | Einleitung | 104 |
11.2 | Warum Mantelprüfung? | 104 |
11.3 | Mantelprüfgeräte | 105 |
11.4 | VDE-Normen zur Mantelprüfung | 106 |
11.5 | Anwenderspezifische Definitionen zur Prüfung | 106 |
11.6 | Durchführung der Mantelprüfung | 108 |
11.7 | Sicherheit | 108 |
11.8 | Mantelfehler - Vorortung | 109 |
11.8.1 | Vorortungsmethoden | 109 |
11.8.2 Vorortung mit der Vergleichs- | ||
oder Spannungsabfallmethode | 111 | |
11.8.3 | Bipolare Messung des Spannungsabfalls | 113 |
11.8.4 | Vorortung mit der Messbrücke | 114 |
11.8.5 | Die Messbrücke | 114 |
11.8.6 | Zweidrahtmessung nach Murray | 115 |
11.8.7 | Dreidrahtmessung nach Graaf | 115 |
11.9 | Mantelfehler - Nachortung | 116 |
11.9.1 | Übersicht der Methoden | 116 |
11.9.2 | Verhalten des Spannungstrichters | 116 |
11.9.3 | Gleichstrom Impuls Methode | 117 |
11.9.4 | Getaktete Impulsspannung | 120 |
11.9.5 | Besonderheiten bei der DC-Methode | 121 |
11.9.6 | Einflüsse | 121 |
11.10 | Die Punktortung | 122 |
11.10.1 Lokalisierung erdfühliger Fehler | ||
in kunststoffisolierten MV-Netzen | 123 | |
11.11 | Tonfrequenz-Methoden | 124 |
11.11.1 Gerätekombination Tonsender mit | ||
kapazitiver Schrittspannungssonde | 126 | |
11.12 | Tonfrequenzmethode mit 4,8 Hz und A-Rahmen | 127 |
11.13 Lokalisierung erdfühliger Fehler in LV- | ||
und Straßenbeleuchtungsnetzen | 127 | |
12 | Punktgenaue Ortung von Kabelfehlern | 129 |
12.1 | Einleitung | 129 |
12.2 | Sicherheit | 129 |
12.3 Punktgenaue Ortung mit Stoßwellengenerator | ||
und Empfänger | 130 | |
12.3.1 | Koinzidenz-Methode | 130 |
12.3.2 | Der Stoßwellengenerator | 130 |
12.3.3 | Der Leistungsimpuls | 132 |
12.3.4 | Durchschlagspannungserkennung | 134 |
12.4 | Anschlussmöglichkeiten | 135 |
12.4.1 | Normalanschaltung | 135 |
12.4.2 | Ankopplung bei Längsfehler | 136 |
12.4.3 | Ankopplung an Gürtelkabeln | 136 |
12.4.4 | Ankopplung an ungeschirmten Kabeln | 136 |
12.4.5 | Schallfeldortung | 137 |
12.4.6 | Laufzeitmessung | 137 |
12.4.7 | Abhängigkeit der Intensität der Lautstärke | 140 |
12.4.8 | Störgeräuschunterdrückung | 141 |
12.4.9 | Filtereinstellungen | 142 |
12.4.10 | Ortung des Kabels (Trassierung) | 142 |
12.5 | Induktive Methoden | 142 |
12.5.1 | Drall-Feld-Methode an Mehrleiterkabeln | 143 |
12.5.2 | Ader-Ader-Fehler Null Ohm | 144 |
12.5.3 | Ader-Schirm-Fehler | 144 |
12.5.4 | Muffenortung | 145 |
12.5.5 Minimum-Trübungs-Methode | ||
(Ader-Schirm-Fehler 0 Ohm) | 146 | |
12.6 | Fehlerortung über die Verbrennungsgase | 148 |
12.7 | Fehlerortung bei erdfühligen Fehlern | 1 |
D3 | ||
13 | Auslese und Identifikation von Kabeln | 152 |
13.1 | Sicherheit bei der Kabel- und Phasenauslese | 152 |
13.2 Wenn die 5 Sicherheitsregeln nicht befolgt | ||
werden können | 152 | |
13.3 | Kabelauslese | 153 |
13.4 | DC Stromimpuls basierte Auslese | 153 |
13.5 | Kabelauslese über die Laststrom Impulsmethode (LCI) | 155 |
13.6 | Kabelauslese von Einzelleitern (PAS) | 156 |
13.7 | Beispiel Kabel- und Phasenauslese | 160 |
13.8 | Phasen-Identifikation und Verifizierung | 161 |
13.9 | Auslese mit Tonfrequenz | 164 |
13.10 | Drallfelderzeugung | 165 |
13.11 | Frequenzwahl | 166 |
13.12 | Kabelauslese mit Querdrall | 166 |
13.13 | Kabelauslese mit Längsdrall | 167 |
13.14 | Kabelidentifizierung | 169 |
13.14.1 | Beschreibung des Messverfahrens | 170 |
13.14.2 Anlegen derTransponderzangen | ||
in SF6-Schaltanlagen | 171 | |
14 | Leitungsortung | 173 |
14.1 | Einleitung | 173 |
14.2 | Elektromagnetisches Verfahren | 173 |
14.3 | Mess-Theorie | 173 |
14.4 | Maximum-Methode (Breites Maximum) | 174 |
14.5 | Minimum-Verfahren (Null Mode) | 176 |
14.6 | Super-Maximum-Methode (Peak Mode) | 176 |
14.7 | Bestimmung der Richtung der Leitung | 177 |
14.8 | Tiefenermittlung | 178 |
14.9 | Strommessung | 179 |
14.10 | Signalrichtungsbestimmung | 179 |
14.11 | Ankopplung des Tonfrequenzsenders | 180 |
14.12 | Galvanische Ankopplung | 181 |
14.13 | Induktive Ankopplung durch Sendezange | 182 |
14.14 | Induktive Ankopplung über Rahmenantenne | 183 |
14.15 | Praktische Messungen | 184 |
14.15.1 | Frequenzen | 184 |
EU | ||
14.15.2 | Erkennen von Feldverzerrungen | 184 |
14.15.3 | Terrainsondierung | 187 |
14.15.4 | Leitungsortung in Kombination mit GPS | 188 |
l^bellen | 189 | |
15.1 | Tabelle Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten v/2 | 189 |
15.1.1 | Nachrichten und Steuerkabel | 189 |
15.1.2 | Energiekabel | 190 |
15.1.3 | Tabelle Reflexionsfaktoren | 191 |
?H | ||
16 | Quellennachweis: | 192 |
EBG: Sichere Energieverteilung im Freien | ||