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Autoren:
Verlag:
Vogel Business Media Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
Vorwort | 5 | |
1 | Rohwasser | 9 |
2 | Anwendungsgrenzen von Rohwasser | 11 |
2.1 | Ablagerungen | 11 |
2.1.1 | Kalkablagerungen (Steinbildung) | 11 |
2.2 | Korrosion | 11 |
2.2.1 | Gleichmäßige Flächenkorrosion | 12 |
2.2.2 | Ungleichmäßige Flächenkorrosion | 12 |
2.2.3 | Korrosion an Wandungen von freien Wasseroberflächen | 12 |
2.2.4 | Korrosion bei einmaliger Wasserfüllung | 13 |
2.3 | Gasbildung | 13 |
3 | Wasseraufbereitung | 15 |
3.1 | Begriffe zur Beurteilung von Wasser | 15 |
3.1.1 | Allgemeine Einheiten | 15 |
3.1.2 | pH-Wert | 17 |
3.1.3 | Härte | 19 |
3.1.4 | Kohlensäure | 20 |
3.1.5 | Säure-und Basekapazität | 20 |
3.1.6 | Elektrische Leitfähigkeit | 21 |
3.1.7 | Wasseranalyse | 21 |
3.1.7.1 | Beurteilung einzelner Analysen werte | 22 |
3.2 | Aufbereitungssysteme | 23 |
3.2.1 | Ionenaustauscher | 24 |
3.2.2 | Umkehrosmose | 25 |
3.2.3 | Entgasung | 25 |
3.2.4 | Absalzung | 27 |
3.3 | Grenzwerte für die Wasserbeschaffenheit | 27 |
3.3.1 | Kühlwasser | 27 |
3.3.2 | Wasser für Kesselanlagen | 29 |
4 | Stoffwerte von Wasser und Wasserdampf | 33 |
4.1 | Siedeverlauf | 34 |
4.2 | Dichte | 34 |
4.3 | Wahre spezifische Wärmekapazität | 35 |
4.4 | Wärmeleitfähigkeit | 35 |
4.5 | Dynamische Viskosität | 39 |
4.6 | Enthalpie-Diagramme | 39 |
4.7 | Entropie-Diagramme | 39 |
4.8 | Wasser- und Wasserdampftabellen | 48 |
5 | Strömung und Wärmeübertragung | 53 |
5.1 | Strömungsgeschwindigkeit | 53 |
5.2 | Strömungskennzahlen | 53 |
5.3 | Druckverluste | 58 |
5.4 | Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten | 58 |
5.4.1 | Durchströmte Rohre | 58 |
5.4.2 | Quer angeströmte Rohre | 58 |
5.4.3 | Naturkonvektion an Platten und Rohren | 62 |
5.4.4 | Verdampfung von Wasser | 62 |
5.4.5 | Kondensation von Wasserdampf | 62 |
6 | Wasseranlagen | 65 |
6.1 | Wasseranlagen unter 0°C | 65 |
6.1.1 | Wasser-Salz-Lösungen (Solen) | 65 |
6.1.2 | Wasser-Glykol-Lösungen | 66 |
6.2 | Kühlwasseranlagen | 69 |
6.3 | Warmwasseranlagen | 77 |
6.4 | Heißwasseranlagen | 78 |
7 | Wasserdampfanlagen | 81 |
7.1 | Erzeugung von Wasserdampf | 81 |
7.1.1 | Rauchrohrkessel | 83 |
7.1.2 | Wasserrohrkessel | 83 |
7.1.3 | Naturumlaufkessel | 83 |
7.1.4 | Zwangumlaufkessel | 85 |
7.1.5 | Zwangdurchlaufkessel | 85 |
7.1.6 | Indirekt beheizte Dampferzeuger | 85 |
7.1.7 | Ausdampf trommel | 86 |
7.2 | Dampfspeicher | 86 |
7.3 | Dampftrockner | 89 |
7.4 | Dampfleitungen | 90 |
7.4.1 | Wärmeverlustberechnung | 90 |
7.4.2 | Temperaturabfall im Rohr | 91 |
7.4.3 | Kondensatanfall im Rohr | 92 |
7.4.4 | Kondensatvermeidung während des Betriebs | 94 |
7.5 | Drosselung von Wasserdampf | 97 |
7.6 | Dampfkühlung | 100 |
7.7 | Inertgase im Dampf | 100 |
8 | Kondensatsystem | 103 |
8.1 | Allgemeines | 103 |
8.2 | Ableitsysteme | 106 |
8.2.1 | Kondensatabführung | 106 |
8.3 | Kondensatabieiter | 107 |
8.3.1 | Bauarten von Kondensatableitern | 108 |
8.3.1.1 | Schwimmerkondensatabieiter | 108 |
8.3.1.2 | Thermische Abieiter | 109 |
8.3.1.3 | Thermodynamische Abieiter | 110 |
8.4 | Sammelsystem und Rückführung | 111 |
8.5 | Verlegung von Kondensatleitungen | 117 |
9 | Dampf- und Kondensatsysteme für verschiedene Einsatzfälle | 127 |
9.1 | Entwässerung von Dampfleitungen | 127 |
9.2 | Kondensatableitung an Lufterhitzern | 127 |
9.3 Kondensatableitung aus dampfbeheizten Wärmeaustauschern | ||
mit Produkttemperaturen <100 °C | 130 | |
9.4 | Dampfseitige Regelung von Wärmeaustauschern | 132 |
9.5 | Kondensatanstauregelung | 132 |
9.6 | Korrosionsschäden an Wärmeaustauschern | 135 |
9.7 | Vermeiden von Frostschäden in Wasserdampf- und Kondensatsystemen | 136 |
Formelzeichen | 137 | |
Literaturverzeichnis | 139 | |
Stichwortverzeichnis | 141 | |
A
Ablagerungen 11
Abieiter
-, thermische 109
-, thermodynamische 110
Ableitsysteme 106
Absalzung 27
Ammonium-Stickstoff (NH+4, N) 23
Äquivalent 15
Äquivalentkonzentration c 17
Aufbereitungssysteme 23
Ausdampftrommel 86
B
Basekapazität eines Wassers 20
Brackwasser 9
Brunnenwasser 9
Chlorid (C1-) 22
D
Dampferzeuger, indirekt beheizte 85
Dampfkondensat 31
Dampfkühler mittels Einspritzwasser 100
Dampfkühlung 100
Dampfleitungen 90
-, Entwässerung 127
Dampfspeicher 86
Dampftrockner 89
Dampfübertemperatur am Anfang der Leitung, er- forderliche 94
Dichte 34
Dichteverhältnis von Wasser und Wasserdampf 35
Drosselung von Wasserdampf 97
Druckdiktierpumpen 78
Druckhalteeinrichtungen nach DIN 4751 T2 80
Druckverluste 58
E
Einspritz wasser 31
Eisen (Fe) 23
Entgasung 24,25
Enthalpie-Diagramme 39
Enthärtung 24
Entropie-Diagramme 39
Entsalzung 24
Erhöhung der Ubertemperatur durch
Druckverluste 95
Erniedrigung der Übertemperatur durch Druckverluste 97
F
Fahrweise -, alkalische 30
-, kombinierte 31
-, neutrale 31
Flächenkorrosion -, gleichmäßige 12
-, ungleichmäßige 12
Fremddruckhaltung 78
Frostschutz 66
G
Gasbildung 13
Grashof-Zahl Gr 53
Grenzwerte für die Wasserbeschaffenheit 27
H
Härte 19
Heißwasseranlagen 29, 78
Hydrazin 27
I
Inertgase im Dampf 100
Ionenaustauscher 24
K
Kalkablagerungen 11
Kesselanlagen, Wasser für 29
Kesselwasser 31
Kohlensäure 20
Kondensat 31
Kondensatabführung 106
Kondensatabieiter 107
-Bauarten 108
Kondensatabieiterüberwachung 108
Kondensatableitung an Lufterhitzern 127
Kondensatanfall im Rohr 92
Kondensatanstauregelung 132
Kondensatheber 120
Kondensation von Wasserdampf 62
Kondensatleitungen, Verlegung 117
Kondensatsammelbehälter 120
Kondensatsammelleitungen, hochliegende 117
Kondensatsystem 103
Kondensatüberwachung 120
Kondensatvermeidung während des Betriebs 94
Korrosion 11
- an Wandungen von freien Wasseroberflächen 12
- bei einmaliger Wasserfüllung 13
Korrosionsschäden an Wärme- austauschern 135
Kühlkreisläufe geschlossene 29
offene 29
Kühlwasser 27
-anlagen 69
L
Leitfähigkeit, elektrische 21
M
Mangan (Mn2+) 23
Masse, molare 15
Massenanteil w 15
Massenkonzentration p 16
Meerwasser 9
Membranausdehnungsgefäß 77
Membranausdehungssysteme 78
Mineralwasser 9
Molmassen der wichtigsten Wasserinhaltsstoffe 16
N
Nachverdampfung 105
Naturumlaufkessel 83
Nitrat (NO3) 22
Nitrit (NOä) 22
O
Oberflächenwasser 9
P
pH-Wert 17
R
Rauchrohrkessel 83
Realgasfaktor von Wasserdampf 36
Regenwasser 9
Reynolds-Zahl Re 53
Rohwasser 9, 31
Rückführung 111
S
Sammelsystem 111
Sauerstoff, chemische Bindung 26
Säure- und Basekapazität 20
Säurekapazität eines Wassers 20
Schwimmerkondensatabieiter 108
Selbstdruckhaltung 78
Siedeverlauf 34
Sole 9, 65
Spannungsreihe, elektrolytische 12
Speisewasser 31
-, salzfreies 31
-, salzhaltiges 31
Steinbildung 11
Stoff menge n 15
Stoffmengenanteil x 16
Stoff mengenkonzentration c 16
Strömungsgeschwindigkeit 53
Strömungskennzahlen 53
Sulfat (S023-) 22
T
Temperaturabfall im Rohr 91
U
Umkehrosmose 25
V
Verdampfung von Wasser 62
Verdampfungsziffer nv 104
Viskosität, dynamische 39
Volumenanteil ip 16
W
Wärmeaustauscher -, dampfseitige Regelung 132
-, Korrosionsschäden 135
Wärmekapazität, wahre spezifische 35
Wärmeleitfähigkeit 35
Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten 58
Wärmeverluste 90
Warmwasseranlagen 29, 77
Wasser
-, hochreines 22
-, teilentsalztes 31
-, vollentsalztes 31
-analyse 21
-anlagen unter 0°C 65
-aufbereitung 15
-dampf, Erzeugung 81
-dampfanlagen 81
-dampftabellen 49
--Glykol-Lösungen 66
-rohrkessel 83
--Salz-Lösungen 65
Wasserstoffbildung 13
Wassertabellen 48
Weichwasser 31
Z
Zusatzwasser 31
Zwangdurchlaufkessel 85
Zwangumlaufkessel 85