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Artikel werden geladen
Verlag:
Editio Cantor Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
| Geleitwort zur 2. Auflage | 11 | |
| Vorwort zur 2. Auflage | 12 | |
| 1 Qualitätsanforderungen an Pharmawasser | ||
| Heinz Kudernatsch | 14 | |
| 1.1 | Einleitung | 14 |
| 1.2 | Arzneibücher/Monographien | 15 |
| 1.3 | Wasserqualitäten | 15 |
| 1.4 | Einsatzgebiete und Definition von PW.HPW und WFI | 16 |
| 1.5 | Trinkwasser | 18 |
| 1.6 Chemische, physikalische und mikrobiologische Qualität | ||
| von PW in Bulk | 18 | |
| 1.7 Chemische, physikalische und mikrobiologische Qualität | ||
| von WFI in Bulk | 20 | |
| 1.8 | Note for Guidance on Quality of Water for Pharmaceutical Use | 23 |
| 1.9 | Qualitätsanforderungen an Reinstdampf | 26 |
| 1.10 | ISPE: Water and Steam System | 26 |
| 2 Inspektion von Pharmawassersystemen | ||
| Klaus Feuerhelm | 28 | |
| 2.1 | Einleitung | 28 |
| 2.2 | Regelwerke und deren Auslegung | 28 |
| 2.2.1 | Deutschland und Europäische Union | 28 |
| 2.2.2 | Europäisches Arzneibuch | 30 |
| 2.2.3 EU-Leitfaden einer Guten Herstellungspraxis für | ||
| Arzneimittel (EU-GMP-Leitfaden) | 31 | |
| 2.3 | Anforderungen an die Qualifizierungsdokumentation | 35 |
| 2.3.1 | Qualifizierungsdokumentation nach EU-GMP-Leitfaden | 36 |
| 2.4 Rolle der Behörde von der Planung bis zum Betrieb und der | ||
| Inspektion der Anlage | 42 | |
| 2.4.1 | Planung | 42 |
| 2.4.2 | Betrieb und Inspektion eines Wassersystems | 43 |
| 2.5 | Praxisbeispiel | 43 |
| 2..1 | Probenahme | 44 |
| 2..2 | Sanitisierung und Betriebstemperatur | 44 |
| 3 Wasseraufbereitungsverfahren und Herstellanlagen für | ||
| Purified Water und Highly Purified Water | ||
| Ulrich Träger | 48 | |
| 3.1 | Einleitung | 48 |
| 3.2 | Reinstmedium Wasser | 48 |
| 3.2.1 | Gelöste organische Verunreinigungen | 49 |
| 3.2.2 | Gelöste anorganische Verunreinigungen | 49 |
| 3.2.3 | Partikuläre Verunreinigungen | 49 |
| 3.2.4 | Kollodiale Verunreinigungen | 49 |
| 3.2.5 | Mikrobiologische Verunreinigungen | 49 |
| 3.3 | Aufbereitungstechniken | 50 |
| 3.3.1 | Destillation | 50 |
| 3.3.2 | lonentauscher | 50 |
| 3.3.3 | Reverse Osmose | 51 |
| 3.3.4 | Vorbehandlung von Speisewasser | 54 |
| 3.3.5 | Elektroentionisierung | 55 |
| 3.3.6 | Membranentgasung | 56 |
| 3.3.7 | Ultrafiltration | 57 |
| 3.3.8 | Sanitisierungsverfahren | 58 |
| 3.4 | Anforderungen versus Aufbereitungsverfahren | 59 |
| 4 Destillation und Reinstdampferzeugung | ||
| Carsten Rupprecht | 62 | |
| 4.1 | Einleitung | 62 |
| 4.2 | Begriffe und Definitionen | 63 |
| 4.2.1 | Reinstdampf | 63 |
| 4.2.2 | Wasser für Injektion | 63 |
| 4.2.3 | Sterilität | 63 |
| 4.2.4 | Endotoxine | 63 |
| 4.3 | Verfahrensübersicht | 64 |
| 4.3.1 | Membranverfahren (kalt) | 64 |
| 4.3.2 | Thermische Separationsverfahren | 64 |
| 4.4 | WFI-Systeme | 67 |
| 4.5 | Reinstdampfsysteme | 69 |
| 4.6 | Reinstdampferzeuger | 70 |
| 4.6.1 | Reinstdampferzeuger nach dem Naturumlaufprinzip | 70 |
| 4.6.2 | Reinstdampferzeuger nach dem Fallfilmprinzip | 72 |
| 4.7 | Herstellung von WFI | 72 |
| 4.7.1 | Einstufige Destillation | 75 |
| 4.7.2 | Mehrstufige Destillation | 76 |
| 4.7.3 | Thermokompression | 78 |
| 4.7.4 | Membranverfahren | 80 |
| 7 Rouging-Werkstoffwissenschaftliche Betrachtungen | ||
| zu einem anspruchsvollen Phänomen | ||
| Michael Renner | 125 | |
| 7.1 | Einleitung | 125 |
| 7.2 | Rouging-Beispiele aus der Praxis | 126 |
| 7.2.1 | Wo wird Rouging beobachtet? | 126 |
| 7.2.2 | Was ist Rouging und wie sieht es aus? | 127 |
| 7.3 Werkstoffwissenschaftliche Betrachtungen verschiedener | ||
| Beanspruchungsparameter auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit | ||
| von CrNi(Mo)-Stählen | 128 | |
| 7.4 Ist Rouging kritisch für die Einhaltung der Grenzwerte in der | ||
| Pharmaindustrie? | 133 | |
| 7.5 | Anwendungsorientierte Forschungsaktivitäten | 133 |
| 7.6 | Fazit | 134 |
| 8 Grundlagen der Ventiltechnik | ||
| Marie-Luise Keilbach | 136 | |
| 8.1 | Einleitung | 136 |
| 8.2 | Membranventiltechnologie | 138 |
| 8.2.1 | Funktionsprinzip und Aufbau eines Membranventils | 138 |
| 8.2.2 | Anforderungen an Membranventile | 143 |
| 8.3 | Sitzventiltechnologie | 151 |
| 8.3.1 | Funktionsprinzip und Aufbau eines Sitzventils | 151 |
| 8.3.2 | Anforderungen an Sitzventile | 157 |
| 8.4 | „Stand der fechnik" im Bereich Pharmawasser | 163 |
| 8.4.1 | Probenahmesysteme | 164 |
| 8.4.2 | Mehrwegeventilblöcke | 166 |
| 8.4.3 | Behälter-und Bodenablassventile | 168 |
| 8.5 | Fazit | 170 |
| 9 Planung und Projektierung von Pharmawassersystemen | ||
| Christian Graf | 173 | |
| 9.1 | Einleitung | 173 |
| 9.2 | Planungs-und Projektabschnitte | 175 |
| 9.2.1 | Konzeptphase | 176 |
| 9.2.2 | Basic Engineering | 177 |
| 9.2.3 | Detail Engineering | 185 |
| 9.2.4 | Bau und Montage der Systeme | 186 |
| 9.2.5 | Inbetriebnahme und Qualifizierung | 1 |
| 9.3 | Reflexion von Theorie und Praxis | 19 |
| 10 Elektrolytisch erzeugtes Ozon für die Desinfektion und | ||
| Sanitisierung von Reinstwassersystemen | ||
| Winfried Speuser | 209 | |
| 10.1 | Einleitung | 209 |
| 10.2 | Mikrobiologische Situation im Reinstwasser | 210 |
| 10.3 | Verfahren für die Entkeimung von Reinstwassersystemen | 210 |
| 10.4 | Wirkungsweise von Ozon in Reinstwassersystemen | 212 |
| 10.5 | Verfahren zur Ozonerzeugung | 213 |
| 10.5.1 | Methode der „stillen elektrischen Entladung" | 213 |
| 10.5.2 | Methode der elektrolytischen Ozonerzeugung | 213 |
| 10.6 | Elektrolytische Ozonerzeugung in der Praxis | 217 |
| 10.7 | Ozonkonzentrationen im Betrieb | 219 |
| 10.9 | Restozonabbau durch UV-Bestrahlung | 221 |
| 10.10 | Fazit | 221 |
| 11 Steuerung und Automatisierung von Pharmawasseranlagen | ||
| Harald Gattermeyer | 223 | |
| 11.1 | Automatisierung einer Pharmawasseranlage | 223 |
| 11.1.1 | Herstellung | 223 |
| 11.1.2 | Lagerung | 223 |
| 11.1.3 | Verteilung | 224 |
| 11.2 | Stand der fechnik | 224 |
| 11.3 | Projektabwicklung und Qualitätssicherung | 227 |
| 11.4 | Entwicklungen und Trends | 228 |
| 11.4.1 | Neuro-Fuzzy-Regler | 228 |
| 11.4.2 | Selbstüberwachende Feldgeräte | 228 |
| 11.4.3 | Vertikale und horizontale Integration | 229 |
| 11.4.4 | Wireless-Technologie | 229 |
| 11.4.5 | IT-Security | 230 |
| 11.4.6 | Elektronische Aufzeichnungen und Unterschriften | 232 |
| 12 Mikrobiologisches Monitoring von technischen | ||
| Wassersystemen | ||
| Gero Beckmann | 233 | |
| 12.1 | Vorkommen und Bedeutung von Wasserkeimen | 233 |
| 12.2 | Medizinische Bedeutung/Betriebshygiene | 235 |
| 12.3 | Pseudomonaden als diagnostische Herausforderung | 236 |
| 12.4 | Biofilme und ihre Bedeutung für die pharmazeutische Industrie | 238 |
| 12.4.1 | Woraus bestehen Biofilme? | 23 |
| 12.5 | LAL-Test | 241 |
| 12.6 | Mikrobiologische Untersuchung von Pharmawasser | 242 |
| 12.6.1 | Entscheidend: Probenahme und-transport | 243 |
| 12.7 | Qualifizierung von Reinstwasseranlagen aus mikrobiologischer Sicht | 245 |
| 12.8 | Was tun bei Störfällen und Havarien? | 245 |
| 12.9 | Worauf legt die Überwachungsbehörde Wert? | 246 |
| 13 Qualifizierung und Validierung von | ||
| Wasseraufbereitungsanlagen | ||
| Michael Jahnke | 250 | |
| 13.1 | Einleitung | 250 |
| 13.2 | Qualifizierungsphasen | 251 |
| 13.2.1 | Begriffsbestimmungen | 251 |
| 13.3 | Lebenszyklusmodell | 251 |
| 13.4 | Risikoanalyse | 252 |
| 13.5 | Phasen der Anlagenqualifizierung | 254 |
| 13.5.1 | Anforderungsspezifikation (URS) | 254 |
| 13.5.2 | Designqualifizierung (DQ) | 255 |
| 13.5.3 Installationsqualifizierung (IQ) mit Herstellerabnahme | ||
| (FAT) und/oder Lieferabnahme (SAT) | 255 | |
| 13.5.4 | Funktionsqualifizierung (OQ) | 268 |
| 13.5.5 | Leistungsqualifizierung (PQ) | 272 |
| 14 Wartung und Instandhaltung von Pharmawasseranlagen | ||
| Johannes Krämer | 276 | |
| 14.1 | Einleitung | 276 |
| 14.2 | Begriffe in der Instandhaltung | 276 |
| 14.3 | Anforderungen an die Instandhaltung | 278 |
| 14.4 | Instandhaltungsstrategien | 279 |
| 14.5 | Zustandsorientierte Techniken für Pharmawasseranlagen | 282 |
| 14.6 | Prinzipielle Vorgehensweise bei der Instandhaltungsdurchfiihrung | 284 |
| 14.7 | Aufbau eines Wartungs-und Inspektionsplans | 286 |
| 14.8 | Wartungs-und Inspektionsplan für Pharmawasseranlagen | 289 |
| 14.8.1 | Wartungs-und Inspektionsplan für eine Erzeugeranlage | 290 |
| 14.8.2 Wartungs- und Inspektionsplan für ein Lager- und | ||
| Verteilsystem | 291 | |
| 14.9 | Ersatzteilbevorratung für Pharmawasseranlagen | 293 |
| 14.10 | Instandhaltungskennzahlen für Pharmawasseranlagen | 294 |
| 14.11 | Fazit | 295 |
| Abkürzungen | 296 | |
| Die Autoren | 299 | |
| Autorenverzeichnis | 303 | |
| Sachverzeichnis | 307 | |
| _Inhalt | ||