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Artikel werden geladen
Autoren:
Verlag:
Vulkan Verlag Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
| Inhalt | ||||||
| Vorwort zur 2. Auflage | 5 | |||||
| 1. | Einleitung | 13 | ||||
| 1.1 | Was bedeutet HDD? | 13 | ||||
| 1.2 | Der prinzipielle Ablauf einer Horizontalbohrung | 14 | ||||
| 1.2.1 | Pilotbohrung | 14 | ||||
| 1.2.2 | Aufweitvorgang (Räumen) | 14 | ||||
| 1.2.3 | Einziehvorgang | 15 | ||||
| 1.3 | Anwendungsgebiete des HDD-Verfahrens | 16 | ||||
| 2. | Geologie | 17 | ||||
| 2.1 | Der Baugrund | 19 | ||||
| 2.1.1 | Klassifizierung von Boden und Fels | 19 | ||||
| 2.1.2 | Klassifizierung nach DIN | 19 | ||||
| 2.1.3 | Klassifizierung nach Härteskalen | 26 | ||||
| 2.1.4 | Abrasivität | 29 | ||||
| 2.1.5 | Fest- und Lockergesteine | 30 | ||||
| 2.2 | Geotechnische Untersuchungen | 30 | ||||
| 2.2.1 | Vorerkundungsmaßnahmen | 31 | ||||
| 2.2.2 | Aufschlussverfahren | 32 | ||||
| 2.2.2.1 | Lokale Aufschlüsse | 32 | ||||
| 2.2.2.2 | Schürfgruben | 32 | ||||
| 2.2.2.3 | Sondierbohrungen / Rammkernsondierungen | 32 | ||||
| 2.2.2.4 | Bohrungen mit durchgehender Gewinnung von Bodenproben | 32 | ||||
| 2.2.2.5 | Ramm- und Drucksondierung | 33 | ||||
| 2.2.2.6 | Geophysikalische Verfahren | 34 | ||||
| 2.2.3 | Zusammenfassung der Aufschlussverfahren | 39 | ||||
| 2.3 | Bodenkennwerte | 39 | ||||
| 2.3.1 | Korngrößenverteilung DIN 18123 | 39 | ||||
| 2.3.2 | Ungleichförmigkeitszahl und Krümmungskoeffizient DIN 18196 | 40 | ||||
| 2.3.3 | Lagerungsdichte DIN 18126 | 41 | ||||
| 2.3.4 | Zustandsform DIN 18122 | 41 | ||||
| 2.3.5 | Wassergehalt DIN 18121 | 42 | ||||
| 2.3.6 | Quellverhalten DIN 18132 | 42 | ||||
| 2.3.7 | Bodenwichte | 42 | ||||
| 2.3.8 | Kohäsion DIN 18137 | 43 | ||||
| 2.3.9 | Durchlässigkeit | 43 | ||||
| 2.3.10 | Einaxiale Druckfestigkeit bei Festgesteinen DIN 18136 | 43 | ||||
| 2.3.11 | Scherfestigkeit DIN 18137 | 43 | ||||
| 2.3.12 | Quarzanteil | 43 | ||||
| 2.3.13 | Chemische Zusammensetzung | 43 | ||||
| 2.4 | Baugrundrisiko | 44 | ||||
| 2.5 | Kalkulationsfaktor Baugrund | 46 | ||||
| 3. | Produktenrohre | 49 | ||||
| 3.1 | Stahlrohre | 49 | ||||
| 3.1.1 | Einleitung | 49 | ||||
| 3.1.2 | Lieferbedingungen und Ausführungen | 50 | ||||
| 3.1.2.1 | Benennung von Stahlsorten | 50 | ||||
| 3.1.2.2 | Stahlrohrausführungen | 51 | ||||
| 3.1.2.3 | Kennwerte von Stahl von Stahlrohren | 52 | ||||
| 3.1.2.4 | Längenbezogene Massen | 52 | ||||
| 3.1.3 | Rohrverbindungen und Rohrendenausführungen | 54 | ||||
| 3.1.3.1 | Schweißverbindung | 54 | ||||
| 3.1.3.2 | Steckmuffenverbindungen | 58 | ||||
| 3.1.4 | Umhüllung, Ummantelung und Auskleidung von Stahlrohren | 60 | ||||
| 3.1.4.1 | Polyethylen-Umhüllungen | 61 | ||||
| 3.1.4.2 | Ummantelungen | 62 | ||||
| 3.1.4.3 | Auskleidungen | 62 | ||||
| 3.1.4.4 | Nachumhüllung von Verbindungen | 63 | ||||
| 3.2 | Kunststoffrohre | 64 | ||||
| 3.2.1 | Einleitung | 64 | ||||
| 3.2.2 | Eigenschaften | 64 | ||||
| 3.2.3 | Benennung von PE-Rohren | 65 | ||||
| 3.2.4 | Belastbarkeit | 68 | ||||
| 3.2.4.1 | Zugkräfte | 68 | ||||
| 3.2.4.2 | Abrieb | 69 | ||||
| 3.2.5 | Verbindungen | 69 | ||||
| 3.2.5.1 | Verbindungslose Rohre | 70 | ||||
| 3.2.5.2 | Schweißverbindungen | 70 | ||||
| 3.3 | Duktiles Gusseisen | 72 | ||||
| 3.3.1 | Einleitung | 72 | ||||
| 3.3.2 | Verbindungstechnik | 73 | ||||
| 3.3.2.1 | Steckmuffenverbindungen | 73 | ||||
| 3.3.2.2 | Längskraftschlüssige Verbindungen | 73 | ||||
| 3.3.3 | Außenschutz | 74 | ||||
| 3.3.4 | Einbauverfahren | 75 | ||||
| 3.3.4.1 | Rohrstrangeinzug | 75 | ||||
| 3.3.4.2 | Rohreinzeleinzug | 76 | ||||
| 3.3.5 | Technisches Regelwerk | 77 | ||||
| 3.3.6 | Zusammenfassung und Vorteile | 81 | ||||
| 3.4 | Andere Materialien und Anwendungen | 82 | ||||
| 3.4.1 | Kabel | 82 | ||||
| 3.4.2 | Fernwärmerohre | 83 | ||||
| 4. | Gerätetechnik | 87 | ||||
| 4.1 | Bohranlage | 88 | ||||
| 4.2 | Komponenten einer Bohranlage | 96 | ||||
| 4.2.1 | Spülungspumpen | 96 | ||||
| 4.2.2 | Spülungsanmischanlage | 99 | ||||
| 4.2.3 | Aufbereitungsanlage | 102 | ||||
| 4.2.3.1 | Feststoffkontrolle | 102 | ||||
| 4.2.3.2 | Anordnung der Geräte | 103 | ||||
| 4.3 | Bohrstrang | 110 | ||||
| 4.3.1 | Bohrgestänge | 110 | ||||
| 4.3.1.1 | Bohrgestängerohre | 111 | ||||
| 4.3.1.2 | Gestängeverbinder | 113 | ||||
| 4.3.1.3 | Inspektion des Bohrgestänges | 116 | ||||
| 4.3.1.4 | Einteilung von Bohrgestängen nach API | 117 | ||||
| 4.3.1.5 | Übergänge | 118 | ||||
| 4.4 | Bohrwerkzeuge | 118 | ||||
| 4.4.1 | Werkzeuge für die Pilotbohrung | 118 | ||||
| 4.4.1.1 | Arbeitsweise der Bohrwerkzeuge | 118 | ||||
| 4.4.1.2 | Werkzeuge für den hydraulischen Abbau | 120 | ||||
| 4.4.1.3 | Werkzeuge für den mechanischen Abbau | 128 | ||||
| 4.4.1.4 | Sonstige Pilotbohrwerkzeuge | 134 | ||||
| 4.4.2 | Werkzeuge zum Aufweiten des Bohrloches | 137 | ||||
| 4.4.2.1 | Arbeitsweise der Aufweitwerkzeuge | 139 | ||||
| 4.4.3 | Spezialwerkzeuge | 141 | ||||
| 4.4.4 | Werkzeuge für den Einziehvorgang | 144 | ||||
| 5. | Bohrspülungstechnologie | 147 | ||||
| 5.1 | Einleitung | 147 | ||||
| 5.2 | Aufgaben einer Bohrspülung | 147 | ||||
| 5.2.1 | Hydraulische Lösearbeit und Reinigung an der Ortsbrust mittels Düsenstrahl | 147 | ||||
| 5.2.2 | Schmierung des Bohrstrangs und Kühlen der Meißelrollen | 148 | ||||
| 5.2.3 | Bohrkleintransport durch den Ringraum nach übertage | 148 | ||||
| 5.2.4 | Bohrlochstabilisierung | 149 | ||||
| 5.2.5 | Antrieb von hydraulisch betriebenen Mudmotoren | 150 | ||||
| 5.3 | Aufbau einer Bohrspülung | 150 | ||||
| 5.3.1 | Flüssige Phase | 152 | ||||
| 5.3.2 | Bentonitspülungen | 153 | ||||
| 5.3.3 | Polymeraktivierte Bentonitspülungen | 155 | ||||
| 5.3.4 | Polymere | 156 | ||||
| 5.3.5 | Inerte Feststoffe | 158 | ||||
| 5.3.6 | Sonstige Zuschlagstoffe | 159 | ||||
| 5.4 | Spülungseigenschaften | 162 | ||||
| 5.4.1 | Klassifizierung | 162 | ||||
| 5.5 | Spülungsuntersuchungen | 166 | ||||
| 5.6 | Spezielle Spülungen | 172 | ||||
| 5.6.1 | Selbsterhärtende Bohrspülungen | 172 | ||||
| 5.6.1.1 | Aufbau einer selbsterhärtenden Bohrspülung | 172 | ||||
| 5.6.1.2 | Verfahrensweise | 173 | ||||
| 5.6.1.3 | Anwendung | 173 | ||||
| 6. | Ortung im HDD | 175 | ||||
| 6.1 | Ortung und Steuerung | 175 | ||||
| 6.2 | Ortungsverfahren | 176 | ||||
| 6.2.1 | Walk-Over-Verfahren | 176 | ||||
| 6.2.1.1 | Neigungsmesser (Inklinometer) | 178 | ||||
| 6.2.1.2 | Meißelstellung in Drehrichtung (Toolface) | 178 | ||||
| 6.2.1.3 | Sender (Oszillator) | 178 | ||||
| 6.2.1.4 | Signalempfang | 179 | ||||
| 6.2.1.5 | Voraussetzungen | 179 | ||||
| 6.2.2 | Wire-Line-Verfahren | 181 | ||||
| 6.2.2.1 | Azimut | 182 | ||||
| 6.2.2.2 | Inklination | 183 | ||||
| 6.2.2.3 | Voraussetzung | 184 | ||||
| 6.2.2.4 | Unterstützendes Messverfahren | 186 | ||||
| 6.2.3 | Kreiselkompass | 190 | ||||
| 6.3 | Zusammenfassung der Mess- und Steuerverfahren | 191 | ||||
| 6.4 | Paralleles Bohren | 193 | ||||
| 6.5 | Ausblick | 194 | ||||
| 6.5.1 | Optische Winkel- und Längenmessung | 194 | ||||
| 6.5.2 | Spülungsdruckpulsverfahren | 195 | ||||
| 6.5.3 | Formationsortung | 196 | ||||
| 7. | Planung einer Horizontalbohrmaßnahme | 197 | ||||
| 7.1 | Allgemeines | 197 | ||||
| 7.2 | Baugrunderkundung | 197 | ||||
| 7.3 | Planunterlagen | 200 | ||||
| 7.4 | Geometrie einer Bohrung | 200 | ||||
| 7.4.1 | Geologische Aspekte | 202 | ||||
| 7.4.2 | Ein- und Austrittspunkt | 202 | ||||
| 7.4.3 | Länge der Bohrung | 204 | ||||
| 7.4.4 | Überdeckung | 205 | ||||
| 7.4.5 | Krümmungsradius | 206 | ||||
| 7.4.5.1 | Minimal zulässiger Biegeradius des Bohrgestänges | 207 | ||||
| 7.4.5.2 | Minimal zulässiger Biegeradius des Produktenrohres | 207 | ||||
| 7.4.6 | Bohrungswinkel/-radien | 212 | ||||
| 7.4.7 | Berechnung der Bohrlinie | 212 | ||||
| 7.4.7.1 | Zweidimensionale Berechnung | 212 | ||||
| 7.4.7.2 | Dreidimensionale Berechnung | 215 | ||||
| 7.4.8 | Überschnittfaktor | 216 | ||||
| 7.4.9 | Oberbogen | 217 | ||||
| 7.5 | Weitere planerische Aspekte | 221 | ||||
| 7.5.1 | Bohrparameter | 221 | ||||
| 7.5.2 | Einziehvorgang | 222 | ||||
| 7.6 | Genehmigungsverfahren | 224 | ||||
| 7.7 | Bauzeitenplan | 225 | ||||
| 8. | Durchführung einer Horizontalbohrmaßnahme | 227 | ||||
| 8.1 | Baustellen-Arbeitsvorbereitung | 228 | ||||
| 8.2 | Baustelleneinrichtung und -räumung | 228 | ||||
| 8.3 | Bohrarbeiten | 230 | ||||
| 8.3.1 | Pilotbohrung | 230 | ||||
| 8.3.2 | Aufweitvorgang | 233 | ||||
| 8.3.3 | Einziehvorgang | 234 | ||||
| 8.4 | Rohrbauarbeiten | 237 | ||||
| 8.5 | Abnahme | 239 | ||||
| 8.6 | Dokumentation | 241 | ||||
| 9. | Qualitätssicherung | 245 | ||||
| 9.1 | Qualitätssicherung durch DVGW-Zertifizierung | 245 | ||||
| 9.1.1 | Personelle Voraussetzungen | 246 | ||||
| 9.1.2 | Gerätetechnische Voraussetzungen | 247 | ||||
| 9.1.3 | Formale Voraussetzungen | 247 | ||||
| 9.2 | Qualitätssicherung nach ISO 9001 | 247 | ||||
| 9.3 | Qualitätssicherung durch das Regelwerk SCC | 248 | ||||
| 9.4 | Qualitätssicherung durch unterstützende Software | 249 | ||||
| 10. | Weitere HDD-Anwendungen | 251 | ||||
| 10.1 | Horizontalfilterbrunnen und -drainagen | 251 | ||||
| 10.2 | Zusammenführung von HDD und Microtunneling | 252 | ||||
| 10.3 | HDDD - Horizontal Dry Directional Drilling | 254 | ||||
| 10.4 | Grabenloser Kabelaustausch | 255 | ||||
| 10.5 | Freispiegelkanäle | 255 | ||||
| Literaturverzeichnis | 257 | |||||
| Anhang | 265 | |||||
| Beispiel eines Bautageberichtes | 265 | |||||
| Beispiel eines Bohrprotokolls | 266 | |||||
| Beispiel eines Bohrspülungsberichtes | 267 | |||||
| Beispiel eines Rohrbuches | 268 | |||||
| Beispiel eines Schweißprotokolls | 269 | |||||
| Inserentenverzeichnis | 271 | |||||