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with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Warning: preg_replace(): Compilation failed: this version of PCRE is not compiled with PCRE_UTF8 support at offset 0 in /web/Sites/BlickinsBuch.de/functions.php on line 241 Blickinsbuch.de - Der Experimentator Molekularbiologie / Genomics - Cornel Mülhardt
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    Der Experimentator Molekularbiologie / Genomics

    Der Experimentator Molekularbiologie / Genomics

    Autoren:

    Verlag:
    Springer-Verlag   Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen

    Auflage: 7., aktualisierte Aufl. 2013
    Erschienen: Juli 2013
    Seiten: 303
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Preis: 39.99 €
    Illustration: 65 schwarz-weiße Abbildungen, 19 schwarz-weiße Tabellen
    Maße: 241x170x20
    Einband: Taschenbuch
    Zum Buch: Book
    ISBN: 9783642346354

    Inhaltsverzeichnis

    1Was bitte ist denn »Molekularbiologie«?1
    1.1Das Substrat der Molekularbiologie, oder: Molli-World für Anfänger2
    1.2Was brauche ich zum Arbeiten?7
    1.3Sicherheit im Labor9
    Literatur11
    2Einige grundlegende Methoden13
    2.1Nucleinsäure ist gleich Nucleinsäure und auch wieder nicht15
    2.2Methoden zur DNA-Präparation16
    2.2.1Bakterienmedien17
    2.2.2Präparation von Plasmid-DNA17
    2.2.3Minipräparation18
    2.2.4Maxipräparation20
    2.2.5Präparation von Phagen-DNA22
    2.2.6Präparation einzelsträngiger DNA mittels Helferphagen25
    2.2.7Präparation von genomischer DNA26
    2.3Die Reinigung von Nucleinsäuren27
    2.3.1Phenol-Chloroform-Extraktion27
    2.3.2Anionenaustauschersäulen29
    2.3.3Glasmilch/Silikat-Membranen31
    2.3.4Cäsiumchlorid-Dichtegradient32
    2.3.5Fällung mit PEG33
    2.3.6Dialyse34
    2.3.7Magnetic beads34
    2.3.8Proteinbindende Filtermembranen35
    2.3.9Alkoholfällung35
    2.3.10Konzentratoren36
    2.3.11Exonuclease-Phosphatase-Verdau36
    2.4Konzentrieren von Nucleinsäuren36
    2.4.1Alkoholfällung36
    2.4.2Konzentratoren39
    2.4.3SpeedVac40
    2.4.4»Aussalzen«40
    2.5Konzentrationsbestimmung von Nucleinsäurelösungen40
    2.5.1OD-Messung mittels Absorptionsspektrometrie40
    2.5.2Konzentrationsbestimmung mittels Agarosegel42
    2.5.3Dot-Quantifizierung42
    2.5.4Fluorometrische Bestimmung43
    2.5.5Nucleinsäure-Messstäbchen43
    2.5.6Enzymatischer Nachweis44
    Literatur44
    Inhaltsverzeichnis
    3Das Werkzeug47
    3.1Restriktionsenzyme43
    3.1.1Der Aktivitätstest, oder: Was ist eine Einheit und wie viel bekomme ich für mein Geld?51
    3.1.2Wie macht man einen Restriktionsverdau?52
    3.1.3Schwierigkeiten beim Restriktionsverdau54
    3.1.4Nachschlagewerke zum Thema Restriktionsverdau58
    3.1.5Neuere Entwicklungen53
    32Gele53
    3.2.1Agarosegele53
    3.2.2DNA-Fragmente aus Agarosegelen isolieren65
    3.2.3Polyacrylamidgele (PA-Gele)69
    3.2.4DNA-Fragmente aus PA-Gelen isolieren71
    3.2.5Pulsfeldgelelektrophorese (PFGE)71
    3.2.6Kapillarelektrophorese72
    3.2.7Mikrochip-Kapillarelektrophorese72
    3.3 Blotten................................
    3.3.1Southern Blot73
    3.3.2Northern Blot76
    3.3.3Dot und Slot Blot77
    Literatur79
    4Die Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (PCR)81
    4.1Die Standard-PCR82
    4.2Neue Entwicklungen92
    4.3Tipps zur Verbesserung der PCR93
    4.3.1NestedPCR95
    4.3.2Multiplex PCR95
    4.3.3Amplifikation langer DNA-Fragmente (> 5 kb)96
    4.4PCR-Anwendungen97
    4.4.1Reverse Transkription - Polymerasekettenreaktion (RT-PCR)97
    4.4.2Rapid Amplification ofcDNA Ends (RACE)97
    4.4.3Amplifikation zufälliger Produkte98
    4.4.4Klassische quantitative PCR101
    4.4.5Real-time quantitative PCR103
    4.4.6Inverse PCR108
    4.4.7Biotin-RAGE und Supported PCR108
    4.4.8Mutagenese mit modifizierten Primern109
    4.4.9Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS)110
    4.4.10in-situ-PCR110
    4.4.11Cycle sequencing111
    4.4.12cDNA-Synthese111
    4.4.13Einzelzell-PCR112
    Literatur113
    5RNA115
    5.1Wie inaktiviert man RNasen?116
    5.2Methoden der RNA-Isolierung117
    5.2.1Single step-Methoöe117
    5.2.2Lyse mit Nonidet P-40118
    5.2.3Allgemeines118
    5.2.4Konzentrationsbestimmung bei RNA118
    5.3Methoden der mRNA-lsolierung119
    5.3.1RNA kaufen120
    5.4Reverse Transkription (cDNA-Synthese)120
    5.5/n-v/fro-Transkription (RNA-Synthese)121
    5.6Serial Analysis of Gene Expression {SAGE)122
    5.7RNA-Interferenz (RNAi)127
    Literatur181
    6Die Klonierung von DNA-Fragmenten133
    6.1Die Grundlagen des Klonierens134
    6.1.1Klonieren von PCR-Produkten140
    6.1.2Ligation independent cloning (LIC)142
    6.1.3Klonieren mit Rekombinase-Systemen143
    6.2Mit welchen Vektoren klonieren?146
    6.2.1Plasmide146
    6.2.2Phagen149
    6.2.3Cosmide161
    6.2.4PACs und BACs151
    6.2.5YACs152
    6.3Welche Bakterien?163
    6.4Herstellen kompetenter Zellen und Transformation153
    6.4.1Calciumchlorid-Methode164
    6.4.2Rubidiumchlorid-Methode165
    6.4.3TSS-Methode165
    6.4.4Elektroporation165
    6.4.5Wie testet man die Kompetenz der Bakterien?157
    6.5Probleme beim Klonieren158
    6.6Die Lagerung von Klonen159
    Literatur.................................16°
    7Wie man DNA aufspürt163
    7.1Herstellung von Sonden164
    7.1.1Methoden zur Herstellung markierter Sonden165
    7.2Hybridisierung169
    7.2.1Der Hybridisierungspuffer169
    7.2.2Die Hybridisierungsgefäße169
    7.2.3Die Hybridisierungstemperatur170
    7.2.4Waschen170
    7.3Nachweis der markierten DNA171
    7.3.1Autoradiographic171
    Inhaltsverzeichnis
    7.3.2Nicht-radioaktive Nachweismethoden172
    7.4Screenen von rekombinanten DNA-Banken175
    7.4.1Ausplattieren der Bank175
    7.4.2Filter ziehen175
    7.4.3Filter hybridisieren176
    7.4.4Filter exponieren177
    7.4.5Klon ausfindig machen177
    7.4.6Bankenscreenen in der Zukunft178
    7.5Two-Hybrid-System178
    7.6Phage Display181
    Literatur182
    8DNA-Analyse183
    8.1Sequenzierung184
    8.1.1Radioaktive Sequenzierung185
    8.1.2Nicht-radioaktive Sequenzierung und automatische Sequenziergeräte188
    8.1.3Schrotschuss-Sequenzierung189
    8.1.4Kurioses zum Thema Sequenzieren: Octamere190
    8.1.5Minisequenzierung190
    8.1.6Pyrosequenzierung zum Ersten191
    8.1.7Pyrosequenzierung zum Zweiten193
    8.1.8Weitere Methoden der Massen-Parallelsequenzierung194
    8.1.9Die Zukunft der Sequenzierung199
    8.2Methoden zur Analyse von DNA auf Mutationen201
    8.2.1Restriktionsfragment-Längenpolymorphismus (RFLP)201
    8.2.2Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP)201
    8.2.3Denaturierende Gradientengelelektrophorese (DGGE)203
    8.2.4Temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis (TTGE)204
    8.2.5Fleteroduplexanalyse (HA)205
    8.2.6Amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)206
    8.2.7Enzymatische Spaltung von Fehlpaarungen {enzyme mismatch cleavage, EMC)206
    8.2.8Protein truncation test (PTT)207
    Literatur208
    9Untersuchung der Funktion von DNA-Sequenzen211
    9.1Untersuchung der Transkription in Geweben212
    9.1.1Ribonuclease protection assay (RPA)213
    9.1.2Real-time quantitative PCR (RTQ-PCR)213
    9.1.3/n-s/fu-Hybridisierung214
    9.1.4Chromosomale Lokalisierung eines Gens (FISH)216
    9.1.5in-situ-PCR217
    9.1.6Microarrays217
    9.1.7Chromatin-lmmunopräzipitation(ChlP)223
    9.2Mutagenese225
    9.2.1Techniken der Mutagenese227
    9.3in-vitro-Translation233
    9.4Expressionssysteme235
    9.4.1Bakterielle Expressionssysteme235
    9.4.2Baculovirus-Expressionssysteme236
    9.4.3Weitere Expressionssysteme237
    9.4.4Heterologe Expression in Säugerzellen238
    9.4.5Transfektionsmethoden240
    9.4.6Kotransfektion mehrerer Gene246
    9.4.7Transiente und stabile Transfektionen247
    9.4.8Reportergene248
    9.5Transgene Mäuse254
    9.5.1Methoden des Gentransfers255
    9.6Regulation der Transgenexpression259
    9.6.1Das Tet-System259
    9.6.2Das Ecdyson-System261
    9.7Gentherapie261
    9.8Genomik263
    9.8.1Ausblick266
    Literatur266
    10Tipps für die Karriereplanung269
    10.1Publikationen .......................... •270
    10.2Karriere272
    10.3Die tägliche Arbeit275
    11Zu guter Letzt279
    Serviceteil283
    Anhang284
    Glossar288
    Literatur292
    Sachverzeichnis294

    Register


    Sachverzeichnis
    A
    Absorptionsmaximum, 252
    Absorptionsspektrometrie, 40
    Acetyl-CoA, 249
    Adenin, 288
    Adenosin, 4,6,53,90,129, 141
    Adenosin-5'-phosphosulfat, 192
    Aequorea victoria, 251, 289
    Affinitätschromatographie, 34
    ß-Agarase, 69
    Agarose, 22,59-61,69
    - Konzentration, 61
    - low melting point, 60,68
    - sieving, 60
    Agarosegel, 42,58,65
    Agarosekonzentration, 60
    Agar-stabs, 159
    Alkalische Lyse, 19
    Alkalische Phosphatase, 173
    - CIP, 135
    - sekretierte, 250
    - shrimp, 36,135
    Alkoholfällung, 35, 36
    Aminoglykosid- Phosphotransferase, 247
    Ammoniumacetat, 37, 71, 168
    Ampicillin, 148,288
    Amplification Refractory
    Mutation System,
    ?ARMS
    Ankerprimer, 98-100,196, 197
    Annealingtemperatur, 83
    Antibiotika, 63,148,260, 284
    Antisense-Oligonucleotide, 128
    APS, ?Adenosin-5'- phosphosulfat Apyrase, 192
    ARMS, 109,110,206
    Array, 78,217, 218
    ATP-Sulfurylase, 192
    Auffüllen von Enden, ?fill-in Aufnahmekapazität, 135
    Aussalzen, 36,40
    Ausschlussgröße, 34,39,41
    Ausschlusskörperchen, 237
    Austauschkonstrukte, 257, 258
    Autoradiographic, 110,171, 187
    Avidin, 216
    Azur, 62
    B
    BAC, 146,151,288
    Bacillus subtilis, 144
    Bacterial Artificial
    Chromosome, ?BAC
    Bakterien, 15,147,153,154, 157, 229
    Bakterienmedien, 8,17,284
    - LB, 284
    - SOC, 284
    - TB, 284
    Bakteriophagen, ?Phagen BCIP, 173,216,288
    Beschuss, 245
    BES-Puffer, 241
    Beta in, 86
    Bioinformatik, 201,265
    Biopanning, 181
    Biotin, 109,124,190
    Biotin-RAGE, 108
    Blau-weiß-Selektion, 147, 148,151,153
    blunt ends, ?glatte Enden Bluo-Gal, 148
    Blutproben, 27
    boiling method, 19,21
    Borat, 60,65, 290
    Boten-RNA, ?mRNA
    Brilliantkresylblau, 62
    Bromphenolblau, 56,64, 70, 168
    BSA, 52,55, 92,110,288
    BsmFI, 125
    Butanol, 28, 36,37
    - Fällung, 156
    C
    carry-over, 94,157
    Cäsiumchlorid, 223
    - kontinuierlicher Gradient, 32
    - Stufengradient, 24
    CAT, ?Chloramphenicol- Acetyltransferase CcdB, 144,149
    cDNA, 288
    - Quantifizierung, 121
    - Synthese, 111,120
    C.elegans, 129
    Cellulose, 29,119
    CG-Inseln, 56,57
    chaotrope Salze, 31,66,117, 160
    ChargeSwitch Technology, 35
    CHEF, 288
    Chemilumineszenz, 173
    Chinolingelb, 65
    ChIP, 200,223, 224
    Chloramphenicol, 144,148, 249
    Chloramphenicol- Acetyltransferase, 247, 249
    Chlornaphthol, 173
    Chloroform, 21,27,116
    CHO, 288
    Chromatin-
    Immunopräzipitation,
    ?ChIP
    Citrat, 27
    CMV, 212,260,288
    CNV, Vcopy number variants Codonnutzung, 252
    cold start, 93
    Concatemer, 125,151
    copy number variants, 221, 265
    cos site, 151
    Cosmide, 151,176
    Cre Rekombinase, 143
    Crosslinking, 75
    crystal violet, 62,66
    CTAB, 23, 288
    cut-ligation, 140
    cycle sequencing, 111,187
    Cytidin, 4
    Cytosin, 49,56
    D
    DAB, 288
    DAPI, 216,217,288
    DEAE-Cellulose, 23
    DEAE-Membran, 68
    denaturierende Gradienten-
    gelelektrophorese,
    ?DGGE
    DEPC, 116,288
    Dephosphorylierung, 135, 167
    Desoxyribose, 4
    Dextran, 29
    Dextranblau, 38,168
    DGGE, 203
    Dialyse, 34
    Diatomeen-Erde, 66
    Dicer, 128,129
    Didesoxynucleotide, 4,167, 186,191,220
    Diethylpyrocarbonat,
    ?DEPC
    differential display, 98
    Dimethylformamid, 55,148, 288
    Dimethylsulfoxid, ?DMSO
    DipStick, 43
    Discosoma striata, 251
    ditag, 125
    DMSO, 86,93,94, 243,288
    DNA, 3
    DNA Array, 78,217
    DNA-Chips, 191,217
    DNA-Polymerasen, 5,37, 111,165
    - Klenow-Fragment, 122, 136,166,167,187
    - mit RT-Aktivität, 97,120
    - T4,44,122,136,140,142, 167
    - T7,166,187
    - thermostabile, ?PCR
    DNAQuant, 44
    DNase I footprinting, 223,224
    dominante Marker, 247
    Dot Blot, 77,164
    DOTMA, 243
    Dot-Quantifizierung, 42
    Dpnl, 49,57, 229,230,233
    dsRNA, 128
    DTT,55,118,122,288
    Sachverzeichnis
    E
    Ecdyson, 261
    EcoP15l, 50,126
    EDTA, 27,86,288
    Einschlusskörperchen, 236
    Electronic Northern, 77
    Elektro-Blotter, 75
    Elektroelution, 67,71
    Elektropherogramm, 72
    Elektrophoresepuffer, 59,70
    ELISA, 249, 288
    Elongation, 82,83,85
    EMBL, 288
    EMC, 206
    Emissionsmaximum, 43,252, 253
    Endocytose, 241 -243
    Endonuclease VII, 206
    Entsalzen, 36,37
    Entsorgung, 11,29,165
    enzyme mismatch cleavage, 206
    EST, 77,189
    Ether, 27
    Ethidiumbromid, 9, 32,43, 61,62, 70,103,119,202
    - Nachweisgrenze, 52,62
    Exon, 6
    Exonuclease, 36,52,198,233
    expressed sequence tags,
    ?EST
    Expressionsanalyse, 220
    Expressionssysteme, 235
    - Baculovirus, 236
    - Bakterien, 235
    - Drosophila, 238
    - Hefen, 237
    - Säugerzellen, 238
    - Viren, 239
    - Xenopus-Oocyten, 238
    Expressionsvektoren, 129, 212, 241,260
    F
    FACS, 247, 251,253,289
    FCS, 260
    Ficoll, 27,64
    fill-in, 125,136,164,167
    FISH, 175,214,216
    F ITC, 217, 253,289
    fluorescence resonance
    energy transfer, ?FRET
    Fluoreszenz-/'n-s/'fi/-
    Hybridisierung,
    ?FISH
    Fluorographie, 171
    Fluorometrische Bestimmung, 43
    foetales Kälberserum, 260
    Formaldehyd, 70, 76,188, 214,223
    Formamid, 86,118,169, 204
    FRET, 104,105, 253
    Fusionsprotein, 179,181, 248, 253
    G
    Galacton, 250
    ß-Galactosidase, 147,153, 179,250
    GC-Klammer, 203
    gDNA, ?genomische DNA
    gekoppelte Reaktion, 44,191
    Gelborange S, 65
    Gelchromatographie, 168
    Gen, 6
    Gene Gun, 246
    Genom, 15,263
    Genomik, 263
    genomische DNA, 15,16,54
    - Präparation, 26
    Genotypisierung, 220
    Gentechnik- Sicherheitsverordnung, 9
    Gentherapie, 239,261
    Gewebedünnschnitte, 110, 214
    GFP, 246,248, 251-253, 289
    - split GFP tagging system, 254
    Glasmilch, 31,66
    glatte Enden, 50,90,137,228
    G LP, 11
    Glühwürmchen, 249
    Glycerin, 64,86,159
    Glykogen, 38,224
    Glykomik, 264
    Good Laboratory Practice, 11
    Green fluorescent protein,
    ?GFP
    Größen marker, 42,61,65,76, 158
    Guanidinisothiocyanat, 66, 117
    Guanosin,4
    Gyrase, 149
    H
    Haarnadeln, 88
    Halbwertszeit, 55,90,165, 187,249,252
    Hefesphaeroblasten, 152
    Helferphagen, 25,150
    Helicase, 92
    Heparin, 27,86
    Heteroduplexanalyse, 205
    heterologe Expression, 235, 238
    Hexamere, 98,166
    Hitzeinaktivierung, 54,135
    Hitzeschock, 154
    Hoechst 33258,43,103
    Homidiumbromid, 63
    homologe Rekombination, 255,257
    hot start, 93
    HRP, 172,173
    Humanes Wachstumshormon, 250
    Hybridisierung, 164
    - Gefäße, 169
    - hybridization bags, 170
    - Plastiktüten, 169
    - Röhren, 170
    - Temperatur, 170
    hybridization probes, 104
    Hygromycin-B- Phosphotransferase, 247
    I
    inclusion bodies, 236
    Insektenzellen, 236
    - Drosophila, 238
    Insertionskonstrukte, 257
    Insertionsvektoren, 149
    /'n-s/'fu-Hybridisierung, 214
    Intron, 6
    /'n-v/'fro-Transkription, 121
    /n-w'fro-Translation, 233
    Ion semiconductor sequencing, 198
    IPTG, 148, 289
    Isoamylalkohol, 28, 284
    Isopropanol, 37
    Isoschizomer, 50
    J
    junk, 15
    K
    Kaliumacetat, 37
    Kaliumchlorid, 37
    Kanamycin, 148
    Kapillarelektrophorese, 72
    kationische Liposomen, 243
    Klenow-Fragment, ?DNA-Polymerasen Klonierung, 134
    - PCR-Produkte, 140
    knock-in, 255
    knock-out, 128
    Knock-out-Mäuse, 257
    Kompetenz, 154,157
    Komplementation, 247
    Komplexität, 289
    Kompressionen, 187
    Konzentrationsbestimmung, 40,118
    Konzentratoren, 36
    Kotransfektion, 246
    Kristallviolett, 62
    Kryokonservierung, 159
    L
    Laborbuch, 8
    Lagerung von Plasmiden, 159
    LB, ?Bakterienmedien Lebensmittelfarbe, 148
    Lewinsky-Methode, 160
    LIC 142
    Ligase, 4,137,158
    Ligation, 134,139
    ligation assay, 52
    Ligation Independent cloning,
    ?LIC
    LightCycler, 108
    Liposomenfusion, 244
    Lithiumacetat, 20
    Lithiumchlorid, 20,37,40
    loading buffer, ?Proben puffer LongSAGE, 126
    Luciferase, 44,249, 250
    Luciferin, 192, 249, 250
    Sachverzeichnis Lumi-Gal, 250
    Luminometer, 44,249
    M
    Macroarray, 78,218
    magnetic beads, 34,109
    Markierungsmethoden, 165
    massively parallel sequencing, 127,194
    Mastermix, 289
    mate-pairs, 289
    Maxipräparation, ?Plasmide MCS, 147
    Meerrettichperoxidase,
    ?HRP
    Metagenomik, 200, 289
    Methylasen, 49, 50, 56,153
    - Dam, 57,153
    - Dem, 57,153
    Methylenblau, 62,63,66, 76, 119
    Methylierung, 48,50,56
    MgCI2-Konzentration, 86
    Microarray, 217
    microRNA, 128
    Mikrochip, 72
    Mikrodialyse, 34
    Mikroinjektion, 121,238, 246, 255
    Mineralöl, 85
    Minipräparation, ?Plasmide Minisequenzierung, 190
    MOI, 26
    molecular beacons, 104
    molecular weight cut-off, 41
    mosaic-end, 146
    Mosaik, 256
    mRNA, 7,16,128,214
    - Isolierung, 119
    MUG, 250
    multiple cloning site, 147
    multiplicity of infection, 26
    Multiplikationsfaktor, 85
    Mutagenese, 109,225
    MWCO, 41
    N
    NanoDrop, 41
    Natriumacetat, 37
    Natriumazid, 23
    Natriumchlorid, 37
    Natriumjodid, 66
    Natriumperchlorat, 66
    NBT, 173,216, 289
    Neomycin, 247
    Neoschizomer, 50
    nested deletion, 233
    Nick-Translation, 215
    Nilblau A, 62
    Nitrilhandschuhe,9
    Nitrocellulose, 72, 75,174
    NMWL, 41
    Nonidet, 86,118
    Northern Blot, 72, 76,164
    - Reverse Northern, 78
    Nucleinsäure-Messstäbchen, 43
    Nylon, 72, 75,174
    o occlusion bodies, 237
    Octamere, 190,196
    OD2ÔO, 41
    OD-Messung, 40
    offenes Leseraster, 6
    off-target effect, 129
    Oligo-dT, ?Primer Oligonucleotide ONPG, 250
    Orange G, 64,168
    ORF, ?offenes Leseraster origin of replication, 16
    origin of replication, ori, 146
    orphan receptors, 182
    overdigestion assay, 52
    P
    PAC, 151
    PAGE, 289
    partial fill-in, 138
    particle delivery, 245
    PCR, 82,167
    - anchored PCR, 97
    - Biotin-RAGE, 108
    - differential display PCR, 100
    - Einzelzell-PCR, 112
    - emulsion PCR, 193
    - Fehlerrate, 91
    - Gradienten-PCR, 84
    - in-situ-PCR, 110,217
    - inverse PCR, 108
    - langer DNA-Fragmente, 96
    - Multiplex PCR, 95,108
    - Mutagenese, 109
    - nested PCR, 95,113
    - Pfu-Polymerase, 90,91,96, 140, 225
    - quantitative PCR, 101
    - quantitative RT-PCR, 102
    - RACE, 97
    - real-time quantitative PCR, 103,106,107,213
    - Reinigung, 31, 33,36
    - RT-PCR, 97,103
    - One-step, 97
    - supported PCR, 108
    - Taq-Polymerase, 53,82, 88, 89,95,111,142, 184,187,230
    - Tth-Polymerase, 91,97, 111,141
    - Zusätze, 86
    PEG, 23, 33, 139,245
    - Fällung, 33
    Peptid-Banken, 182
    peptide nucleic acids, 119
    PFGE, 71
    phage display, 181,182
    Phagemide, 25,151
    Phagen, 16,48,149,153, 175,181
    - DNA-Präparation, 22
    - lambda, 16,149
    - M13,16,25,150,153,229
    - PI, 143
    - Plattenlysat, 22
    Phagocytose, 241
    Phenol-Chloroform- Extraktion, 27
    Phosphorlmager, 172
    Photobiotinylierung, 168
    Photolithographie, 219
    Plasmide, 16
    - high-copy, 18,147
    - low-copy, 18,147
    - Maxipräparation, 20
    - Minipräparation, 18
    - Reinigung, 17
    PNA, 119
    Pökel-DNA, 160
    Polyacrylamid - als Carrier, 38
    - Gel, 69
    Poly-A-Schwanz, 6,16, 98, 119
    Polyethylenglycol, ?PEG
    Polymerase-Kettenreaktion,
    ?PCR
    Polynucleotidkinase, 166
    Prähybridisierung, 169
    Pressure-Blotter, 74
    Primer, 87,93
    - exo-resistant random, 166
    - Konzentration, 88
    - Oligo-dT, 98,119,120,123
    - random, 166
    Probenpuffer, 64
    protein truncation test, 207, 234
    Proteinase K, 26,224
    Proteinreinigung, 34
    Proteom, 263
    Proteomik, 264
    Protoplastenfusion, 245
    Prozessivität, 90
    Puffer - Denhardt's, 284
    - PBS, 284
    - SM, 284
    - SSC, 284
    - TAE, 59,284
    - UV-safe, 65
    - TBE, 59,284
    - TBS, 284
    - TE, 284
    - TES, 24
    - TTE, 284
    Pulsfeldgelelektrophorese, 71,152
    Pyrophosphat, 44, 87,105, 192
    Pyrophosphatase, 87,98
    Pyrophosphorylierung, 44
    Pyrosequencing, 191,193
    pZErO, 141,149
    Q
    Quallen, 249,251,252
    Quencher, 104
    R
    RACE, 97
    random primer, ?Primer random priming, 166
    random-primed labeling, 215
    real-time quantitative PCR,
    ?PCR
    Sachverzeichnis REBASE, 58
    reiche Medien, 17
    Rekombinase-Systeme, 143
    Renilla, 249
    repetitive Sequenzen, 15, 94, 96
    replacement vector, 149
    Replikationsstart, 146
    Reportergene, 180,247,248
    Resequenzierung, 197
    Restriktionsendonucleasen, 48
    Restriktionsenzyme, 48
    - Aktivitätstest, 51
    - Typ IIS, 49, 51,125
    - Typ 1,49
    - Typ II, 49
    - Typ III, 49
    - Typ IV, 50
    Restriktionsfragment- Längenpolymorphismus, 201
    Restriktionskartierung, 184
    Restriktionssysteme, 49, 57, 153
    Restriktionsverdau, 52,58
    - Doppelverdau, 53
    - einzelsträngige DNA, 54
    - PCR-Fragmenten, 53
    - Schwierigkeiten, 54
    Retroviren, 239, 256
    Reverse Transkriptase, 120
    - AMV-RT, 97,111,120
    - MMLV-RT, 97,111,120
    Reverse Transkription, 97, 111,120
    RFLR201
    Rhinohide, 69
    ribonuclease protection assay, 212,213
    ribonuclease protection assays, 213
    ribosomale RNA, ?rRNA
    Rinder, 63
    Rinderserumalbumin, ?BSA
    RISC, 128
    Risikogruppen, 10
    RNA, 4
    - doppelsträngige, 128,129
    RNA interference, 127
    RNA silencing, 127
    RNAi, 127
    RNAsen - Inhibitoren, 117,118
    RNasen, 116,120,128,213
    RNA-target silencing, 128
    rRNA, 7,16
    Rubidiumchlorid, 155
    S
    SAGE, 122
    - anchoring enzyme, 123, 124,126
    Salzfalle, 67
    Schlafkrankheit, 63
    Schmelzdomänen, 203
    Schrotschuss- Sequenzierung, 146, 189
    SEAP, ?Alkalische Phosphatase Selektionsgen, 146
    Selektionsmarker - negative, 259
    - positive, 257
    Sequenzierer, 188
    Sequenzierung, 4,184
    - mit Octameren, 190
    - nicht-radioaktiv, 188
    - radioaktiv, 185
    - Schrotschuss, 146
    - Zukunft der, 199
    SET, 22
    S-Gal, 148
    short hairpin RNA, 129
    short interfering RNA, 128
    shRNA, 129
    Sicherheitsstufen, 9,10
    Sicherheitsverordnungen, 9
    Silberfärbung, 70,188, 202
    Silikat, 31
    SILMUT, 227
    Single nucleotide
    polymorphisms, ?SNP
    single-strand binding protein,
    ?SSB
    single-strand conformation
    polymorphism, ?SSCP
    siRNA, 128,130
    site-directed mutagenesis, 227,233
    SLIC, 143
    Slot Blot, 77
    slow sites, 52
    SNP, 44,191,192,221,264
    SOC, ?Bakterienmedien SOLID, 196
    solid-phase bridge amplification, 195
    Sonden, 164
    Southern Blot, 72, 73
    Spacer, 69
    SpeedVac, 36,40
    Spleißen, 6
    Spreitung, 217
    SSB, 86,92
    SSCP, 187,201
    Stammzellen, 127,257
    Staraktivität, 53, 55
    STET, 20
    sticky ends, 50
    Stocks - DMSO, 159
    - DNA, 160
    - Glycerin, 159
    Storage Phosphor, 172
    Streptavidin, 109,124,125, 173,191,216
    Streptomycin, 148
    Sucrose, 64,144
    supercoiled DNA, 32,52,247, 290
    SuperSAGE, 126
    SV40,212
    SYBR Green, 62,103, 202
    synthetische Biologie, 143
    SYT09,104
    Szintillator, 171
    T
    tagging enzyme, 124,125
    TA-Klonierung, 141
    TALENs, 58
    TaqMan, 104
    Tartrazin, 65
    TB, ?Bakterienmedien Temperaturgradient, 84,204
    Template-DNA, 82,85
    Templatemenge, 85
    temporal temperature
    gradient electrophoresis,
    ?TTGE
    terminale Transferase, 98, 167
    Terrific Broth, ?Bakterienmedien Tetracyclin, 148, 260
    Tet-System, 259
    Thiazin-Farbstoffe, 62
    Thionin, 62
    Thymidin, 4
    Tn5,146
    Toluidinblau, 62
    TOPOTA Cloning, 141
    Topoisomerase, 141,149
    transcriptional silencing, 128
    Transfektion, 240
    - Calciumphosphat- Präzipitation, 241
    - DEAE-Dextran, 242
    - Elektroporation, 245
    - Lipofektion, 243
    - Polykationen, 242
    - stabil, 247
    - transient, 247
    Transfektionssysteme, ? Expressionssysteme Transferrin, 243
    Transfer-RNA, ?tRNA
    Transformation, 153
    - Calciumchlorid, 154
    - Elektroporation, 154,155, 158
    - Rubidiumchlorid, 155
    - TSS, 155
    transgene Mäuse, 129,254
    Transkription - illegitime, 95
    Transkriptionsfaktoren, 127, 223,239
    Transkriptom, 126,200
    translational silencing, 128
    Transphosphorylierung, 44
    Transposons, 15,127,146, 190,194
    TrayCell, 41
    Triton, 22,86
    tRNA, 7,16,38
    Trypanosomen, 63
    TSS, ?Transformation TTGE, 204
    Two-Hybrid-System, 178
    U
    untranslated region, 6
    Uracil, 94
    Uracil-N-Glycosylase, 94,229
    Uridin, 4
    UTR, 6
    V
    Vacuum-Blotter, 74
    Verstärkerfolien, 171,177, 186
    Vinylhandschuhe, 9
    Sachverzeichnis Viren, 10,16,129,149,239, 256
    Vorblitzen, 171
    W
    Western Blot, 72,173
    Whole Genome Assembly, 199
    Xanthin-Guanin- Phosphoribosyl- Transferase, 247
    X-Gal, 148,179,251
    Xylencyanol, 56, YAC, 152
    Yeast Artificial Chromosome,
    ?YAC
    Zentrifugalkraft, 39
    Zentrifugation, 38
    Zentrifugier-Methode, 67
    Zinkchlorid, 23,24
    ZKBS, 10
    Zufallshexamere, 166
    Zufallsprimer, ?random
    primer