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Autoren:
Verlag:
Springer-Verlag Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
1 | Der Zahlenraum R" und der Begriff des reellen Vektorraums | 1 |
1.1 | Lineare Gleichungssysteme | 1 |
1.1.1 | Beispiele und Spezialfälle | 1 |
1.1.2 | Die Eliminationsverfahren von Gauss und Gauss-Jordan | 15 |
Aufgaben | 28 | |
1.2 | Vektorrechnung im Rn und der Begriff des R-Vektorraums | 30 |
1.2.1 | Vektoren im Rn, Hyperebenen und Gleichungen | 30 |
1.2.2 | Tupel-Vektorräume und der allgemeine R-Vektorraum | 44 |
Aufgaben | 52 | |
1.3 | Lineare Unterräume und das Matrix-Vektor-Produkt | 53 |
1.3.1 | Erzeugendensystem und lineare Hülle | 53 |
1.3.2 | Das Matrix-Vektor-Produkt | 60 |
Aufgaben | 72 | |
1.4 | Lineare (Un-)Abhängigkeit und Dimension | 73 |
1.4.1 | Lineare (Un-)Abhängigkeit und Dimension | 73 |
1.4.2 Lineare Gleichungssysteme und ihre Unterräume I: | ||
Dimensionsformeln | 86 | |
Aufgaben | 95 | |
1.5 | Das euklidische Skalarprodukt im Rn und Vektorräume mit Skalarprodukt | 97 |
1.5.1 | Skalarprodukt, Norm und Winkel | 97 |
1.5.2 | Orthogonalität und orthogonale Proj ektion | 104 |
Aufgaben | 123 | |
1.6 | Mathematische Modellierung: Diskrete lineare Probleme und ihre Herkunft | 125 |
Aufgaben | 131 | |
1.7 | Affine Räume I | 133 |
Aufgaben | 143 | |
2 | Matrizen und lineare Abbildungen | 145 |
2.1 | Lineare Abbildungen | 145 |
2.1.1 | Allgemeine lineare Abbildungen | 145 |
2.1.2 | Bewegungen und orthogonale Transformationen | 154 |
Aufgaben | 163 | |
2.2 | Lineare Abbildungen und ihre Matrizendarstellung | 164 |
2.2.1 | Darstellungsmatrizen | 164 |
2.2.2 | Dimension und Isomorphie | 172 |
Aufgaben | 179 | |
2.3 | Matrizenrechnung | 181 |
2.3.1 | Matrizenmultiplikation | 181 |
2.3.2 | Tensorprodukt von Vektoren und Projektionen | 188 |
2.3.3 | Invertierbare Matrizen | 198 |
2.3.4 | Das Gauss-Verfahren vom Matrizenstandpunkt | 205 |
2.3.5 | Transponierte, orthogonale und symmetrische Matrix | 210 |
Aufgaben | 229 | |
2.4 | Lösbare und nichtlösbare lineare Gleichungssysteme | 230 |
2.4.1 | Lineare Gleichungssysteme und ihre Unterräume II | 230 |
2.4.2 | Ausgleichsrechnung und Pseudoinverse | 233 |
2.4.3 | G AUSS-Verfahren und LR-Zerlegung I | 246 |
Aufgaben | 255 | |
2.5 | Permutationsmatrizen und die LR-Zerlegung einer Matrix | 257 |
2.5.1 | Permutationen und Permutationsmatrizen | 257 |
2.5.2 | GAUSS-Verfahren und LR-Zerlegung II | 264 |
Aufgaben | 273 | |
2.6 | Die Determinante | 274 |
2.6.1 | Motivation und Existenz | 274 |
2.6.2 | Eigenschaften | 280 |
2.6.3 | Orientierung und Determinante | 294 |
Aufgaben | 299 | |
2.7 | Das Vektorprodukt | 300 |
Aufgaben | 308 | |
2.8 | Affine Räume II | 309 |
Aufgaben | 317 | |
3 | Vom IR-Vektorraum zum Ä-Vektorraum: Algebraische Strukturen | 319 |
3.1 | Gruppen und Körper | 319 |
Aufgaben | 332 | |
3.2 | Vektorräume über allgemeinen Körpern | 334 |
Aufgaben | 342 | |
3.3 | Euklidische und unitäre Vektorräume | 344 |
Aufgaben | 356 | |
3.4 | Der Quotientenvektorraum | 357 |
Aufgaben | 368 | |
3.5 | Der Dualraum | 370 |
Aufgaben | 381 | |
4 | Eigenwerte und Normalformen von Matrizen | 383 |
4.1 | Basiswechsel und Koordinatentransformationen | 383 |
Aufgaben | 394 | |
4.2 | Eigenwerttheorie | 396 |
4.2.1 | Definitionen und Anwendungen | 396 |
4.2.2 | Diagonalisierbarkeit und Trigonalisierbarkeit | 417 |
Aufgaben | 435 | |
4.3 | Unitäre Diagonalisierbarkeit: Die Hauptachsentransformation | 437 |
Aufgaben | 450 | |
4.4 | Blockdiagonalisierung aus der SCHUR-Normalform | 452 |
4.4.1 | Der Satz von Cayley-Hamilton | 452 |
4.4.2 | Blockdiagonalisierung mit dem Satz von Cayley-Hamilton | 461 |
4.4.3 Algorithmische Blockdiagonalisierung - Die Sylvester- | ||
Gleichung | 469 | |
Aufgaben | 476 | |
4.5 | Die JoRDANsche Normalform | 477 |
4.5.1 | Kettenbasen und die JoRDANsche Normalform im Komplexen | 477 |
4.5.2 | Die reelle JoRDANsche Normalform | 493 |
4.5.3 | Beispiele und Berechnung | 501 |
Aufgaben | 511 | |
4.6 | Die Singulärwertzerlegung | 513 |
4.6.1 | Herleitung | 513 |
4.6.2 | Singulärwertzerlegung und Pseudoinverse | 523 |
Aufgaben | 528 | |
4.7 | Positiv definite Matrizen und quadratische Optimierung | 530 |
4.7.1 | Positiv definite Matrizen | 530 |
4.7.2 | Quadratische Optimierung | 540 |
4.7.3 | Extremalcharakterisierung von Eigenwerten | 550 |
Aufgaben | 554 | |
4.8 | Ausblick: Das Ausgleichsproblem und die QR-Zerlegung | 556 |
5 | Bilinearformen und Quadriken | 561 |
5.1 | tr-Bilinearformen | 561 |
5.1.1 | Der Vektorraum der a-Bilinearformen | 561 |
5.1.2 | Orthogonales Komplement | 570 |
Aufgaben | 580 | |
5.2 | Symmetrische Bilinearformen und hermitesche Formen | 582 |
Aufgaben | 590 | |
5.3 | Quadriken | 591 |
5.3.1 | Die affine Normalform | 594 |
5.3.2 | Die euklidische Normalform | 603 |
Aufgaben | 606 | |
5.4 | Alternierende Bilinearformen | 608 |
Aufgaben | 614 | |
6 | Polyeder und lineare Optimierung | 617 |
6.1 | Elementare konvexe Geometrie | 623 |
Aufgaben | 627 | |
6.2 | Polyeder | 628 |
Aufgaben | 645 | |
6.3 | Beschränkte Polyeder | 646 |
Aufgaben | 653 | |
6.4 | Das Optimierungsproblem | 655 |
Aufgaben | 661 | |
6.5 | Ecken und Basislösungen | 663 |
Aufgaben | 670 | |
6.6 | Das Simplex-Verfahren | 671 |
Aufgaben | 678 | |
6.7 | Optimalitätsbedingungen und Dualität | 680 |
Aufgaben | 691 | |
7 | Lineare Algebra und Analysis | 693 |
7.1 | Normierte Vektorräume | 693 |
7.1.1 | Analysis auf normierten Vektorräumen | 693 |
7.1.2 | Normen und Dimension | 700 |
Aufgaben | 712 | |
7.2 | Normierte Algebren | 713 |
7.2.1 | Erzeugte und verträgliche Normen | 713 |
7.2.2 | Matrixpotenzen | 723 |
Aufgaben | 744 | |
7.3 | HiLBERT-Räume | 746 |
7.3.1 | Der RiESZsche Darstellungssatz und der adjungierte Operator | 746 |
7.3.2 | SCHAUDER-Basen | 762 |
Aufgaben | 769 | |
7.4 | Ausblick: Lineare Modelle, nichtlineare Modelle, Linearisierung | 770 |
Aufgaben | 773 | |
8 | Einige Anwendungen der Linearen Algebra | 775 |
8.1 Lineare Gleichungssysteme, Ausgleichsprobleme und Eigenwerte unter | ||
Datenstörungen | 775 | |
8.1.1 | Lineare Gleichungssysteme | 775 |
8.1.2 | Ausgleichsprobleme | 784 |
8.1.3 | Eigenwerte | 788 |
Aufgaben | 792 | |
8.2 Klassische Iterationsverfahren für lineare Gleichungssysteme und | ||
Eigenwerte | 794 | |
8.2.1 | Das Page-Rank-Verfahren von Google | 794 |
8.2.2 Linear-stationäre Iterationsverfahren für lineare Gleichungssysteme799 | ||
8.2.3 | Gradientenverfahren | 808 |
8.2.4 | Die Potenzmethode zur Eigenwertberechnung | 813 |
Aufgaben | 816 | |
8.3 | Datenanalyse,-synthese und-kompression | 819 |
8.3.1 | Wavelets | 821 |
8.3.2 | Diskrete fourier-Transformation | 828 |
Aufgaben | 835 | |
8.4 | Lineare Algebra und Graphentheorie | 837 |
Aufgaben | 843 | |
8.5 | (Invers-)Monotone Matrizen und Input-Output-Analyse | 844 |
Aufgaben | 858 | |
8.6 | Kontinuierliche und dynamische Systeme | 859 |
8.6.1 | Die Lösungsraumstruktur bei linearen Problemen | 859 |
8.6.2 | Stabilität: Asymptotisches Verhalten für große Zeiten | 875 |
8.6.3 Approximation kontinuierlicher durch diskrete dynamische | ||
Systeme | 891 | |
8.6.4 Ausblick: Vom räumlich diskreten zum räumlich verteilten | ||
kontinuierlichen Modell | 901 | |
8.6.5 | Stochastische Matrizen | 906 |
Aufgaben | 913 | |
A Logisches Schließen und Mengenlehre | 915 | |
A.l Aussagenlogik | 915 | |
A.2 Mengenlehre | 920 | |
A.3 Prädikatenlogik | 924 | |
A.4 Produkte von Mengen, Relationen und Abbildungen | 926 | |
A.5 Äquivalenz- und Ordnungsrelationen | 933 | |
B Zahlenmengen und algebraische Strukturen | 939 | |
B. 1 Von den Peano-Axiomen zu den reellen Zahlen | 939 | |
B.2 Schreibweisen und Rechenregeln | 946 | |
B.3 (Formale) Polynome | 949 | |
C Analysis in normierten Räumen | 961 | |
Literaturverzeichnis | 967 | |
Sachverzeichnis | 969 | |
Sachverzeichnis
a®b, 188, 350, 566
axb, 301
a > 0, a > 0, 617
a _L b, 104
dim, dim^, 84, 85, 135, 335
codim, 91, 135, 365
comq(M), 648
conv(M), 625
cl(M), 963
d(x,A), 113
det(A), 278, 391
det' J , 609
diag(di), 63
eh 55
exp(A), 730
f(A), 929
f~\A\ 929
/,831
i, 327
id, 169, 928
inf, 937
int, 636, 963
£2(K), 336, 695
min, max, 937
o(hk), III
p(C), p(0), 452
qv, 582
vol, 276
span, 54
spana, 138
sp, 405
sup,937
tr, siehe sp
z, 329
A\ 135
A, 134
A\ 104, 347, 571
A', 64, 218
A"1, 0~\ 199, 931
A+, 237
A, 351
A1", <P\ 351, 754
Aß, 182
A : B, 101, 347
A > 0, A > B, 530
A > 0, A > B, 844
Abb(M, R), 47
Bild, 150, 325, 928
Bs(vo), ße(ü0), 961
C, 327, 957
€*, 327
Q, 485
C([fl,ß],Kn), 85, 337
C*((a, ¿>),K"), 338, 702
Fv, 371
Fp, 330, 332
G(£), 107, 565
GUT), 200
GL(«, K), 200, 336
Hom(F, W), Horn* (K W), 149, 335
Imz, 329, 957
K, 337
AT", 336
K(m'n), 336
K\ 326 338, 950
Kn[x],Kn[X], 338, 950
Kern, 150, 325
LGS, 7
LP, 619
L[V, W], 707
L2([a, b], K), 364
IN, 1N0, 939
ONB, 118
Sachverzeichnis