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Autoren:
Verlag:
UTB Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
1 | Einführung | 11 |
1.1 | Warum Mathematik? | 11 |
1.2 | Vorbereitende und ergänzende Literatur | 13 |
2 | Mathematische Grundbegriffe | 15 |
2.1 | Zahlen | 15 |
2.2 | Rechenregeln | 16 |
2.3 | Zahlen als Messergebnisse | 17 |
2.3.1 | Messgenauigkeit, Runden | 17 |
2.3.2 | Maßeinheiten | 18 |
2.3.3 | Mol und Molekulargewicht | 18 |
2.4 | Vektoren, Matrizen | 19 |
2.5 | Matrizenmultiplikation | 21 |
2.6 | Zahlenfolgen | 22 |
2.7 | Funktionen | 23 |
2.8 | Bemerkungen zum Rechnen mit Logarithmen | 25 |
2.9 | Fragen und Aufgaben | 25 |
3 | Differenzieren, Ableitung | 27 |
3.1 | Ableitung von Funktionen einer Variablen | 27 |
3.2 | Ableitungsregeln | 29 |
3.3 | Integral und Stammfunktion | 32 |
3.4 | Partielle Ableitungen | 33 |
3.5 | Fragen und Aufgaben | 34 |
4 | Grafische Darstellung von Daten und beschreibende Statistik | 35 |
4.1 | Datenvektoren und Datenmatrizen | 35 |
4.2 | Beschreibende Statistik - Grundbegriffe | 37 |
4.3 | Eindimensionale Stichproben | 38 |
4.3.1 | Nominale Merkmale | 38 |
4.3.2 | Metrische Merkmale | 39 |
4.3.3 | Statistische Kennzahlen | 41 |
4.4 | Zweidimensionale Stichproben | 43 |
4.5 | Lineare Regression | 45 |
4.6 | Allometrie | 48 |
4.7 | Fragen und Aufgaben | 51 |
5 | Wachstumsmodelle: unbeschränktes Wachstum | 53 |
5.1 | Lineares Wachstum | 53 |
5.2 | Exponentielles Wachstum - diskrete Zeit | 54 |
5.2.1 | Modellwahl | 8 |
.2.2 | Quadratische Abweichung | 9 |
5.3 | Exponentielles Wachstum - stetige Zeit | 0 |
5.3.1 | Von diskreter zu stetiger Zeit | 60 |
5.3.2 | Die Differenzialgleichung für exponentielles Wachstum in stetiger Zeit | 61 |
5.3.3 | Kommentar aus der Sicht der Mathematik | 62 |
5.3.4 | Lineare Regression bei exponentiellem Wachstum | 63 |
5.3.5 | Zusammenfassung zum exponentiellen Wachstum: | 64 |
5.3.6 | Exponentielles Aussterben | 64 |
5.3.7 | Verdopplungszeit, Halbwertzeit | 65 |
5.4 | Fragen und Aufgaben | 66 |
6 | Wachstumsmodelle: beschränktes Wachstum | 67 |
6.1 | Logistisches Wachstum | 67 |
6.1.1 Ein paar grundsätzliche Bemerkungen zum Begriff | ||
der Differenzialgleichung | 71 | |
6.1.2 | Bemerkungen zum numerischen Lösen einer Differenzialgleichung | 72 |
6.1.3 | Anpassung des logistischen Modells an Daten | 73 |
6.1.4 | Ein Residuenplot | 74 |
6.2 | Stabilisierung bei konstantem Zufluss und exponentiellem Abbau | 75 |
6.3 | Variationen zum logistischen Wachstum | 76 |
6.3.1 | Ein logistisches Modell mit „Bejagung" | 76 |
6.3.2 | Ein Modell mit zwei stabilen Gleichgewichten | 79 |
6.4 | Zeitverzögerungen | 80 |
6.5 | Zwei Modelle der chemischen Reaktionskinetik | 81 |
6.6 | Fragen und Aufgaben | 85 |
7 | Modelle der Populationsgenetik | 87 |
7.1 | Das Hardy-Weinberg-Modell | 87 |
7.2 | Inzucht | 91 |
7.3 | Selektion | 92 |
7.4 | Fragen und Aufgaben | 97 |
8 | Wachstumsmodelle: zwei Populationen | 98 |
8.1 | Das Räuber-Beute-Modell von Lotka und Volterra | 98 |
8.2 | Ein einfaches Epidemiemodell | 103 |
8.3 | Fragen und Aufgaben | 105 |
9 | Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung | 106 |
9.1 | Zufallsvariablen | 106 |
9.1.1 | Diskrete Zufallsvariablen | 107 |
9.1.2 | Kontinuierliche Zufallsvariablen | 108 |
9.2 | Unabhängigkeit diskreter Zufallsvariablen | 109 |
9.2.1 | Bedingte Wahrscheinlichkeit und Unabhängigkeit | 110 |
9.2.2 | Die Binomialverteilung | 110 |
9.3 | Unabhängigkeit kontinuierlicher Zufallsvariablen | 112 |
9.4 | Histogramm unabhängiger Beobachtungen | 112 |
9.5 | Erwartungswert und Varianz | 113 |
9.5.1 | Erwartungswert und Varianz diskreter Zufallsvariablen | 113 |
9.5.2 | Erwartungswert und Varianz kontinuierlicher Zufallsvariablen | 115 |
9.6 | Normal-und Poisson-Approximation der Binomialverteilung | 116 |
9.6.1 | Verteilungsfunktionen binomialverteilter Zufallsvariablen | 116 |
9.6.2 | Normalapproximation der Binomialverteilung | 117 |
9.6.3 | Poisson-Approximation der Binomialverteilung | 118 |
9.7 | Fragen und Aufgaben | 119 |
10 | Beurteilende Statistik: Testen | 120 |
10.1 | Der Binomialtest | 120 |
10.1.1 | Formulierung des Testproblems | 120 |
10.1.2 | Durchführung des Tests | 121 |
10.1.3 | Unabhängigkeit der Beobachtungen | 122 |
10.2 | Chi-Quadrat-Tests | 123 |
10.3 | Fragen und Aufgaben | 129 |
11 | Beurteilende Statistik: Schätzen | 131 |
11.1 | Schätzen von Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeiten | 131 |
11.2 | Konfidenzintervall für den Erwartungswert | 134 |
11.2.1 | Konfidenzintervall bei normalverteilten Beobachtungen | 135 |
11.2.2 | Der Ein-Stichproben-t-Test | 136 |
11.3 | Fragen und Aufgaben | 137 |
12 | Beurteilende Statistik: Korrelation und Regression | 138 |
12.1 | Ist der Korrelationskoeffizient signifikant von Null verschieden? | 138 |
12.2 | Die statistische Beurteilung der geschätzten Regressionskoeffizienten | 140 |
12.3 | Vorsicht bei linearer Regression | 142 |
12.4 | Fragen und Aufgaben | 142 |
13 | Einführung in das Sequenz-Alignment | 143 |
13.1 | Scoring-Modelle zur Bewertung von Alignments | 143 |
13.1.1 | Scoring bei DNA-Alignments | 143 |
13.1.2 | Scoring bei Proteinsequenz-Alignments | 144 |
13.2 | Scores und Wahrscheinlichkeiten | 146 |
13.3 | Der Needleman-Wunsch-Algorithmus | 148 |
13.3.1 | Die Grundidee des Needleman-Wunsch-Algorithmus | 149 |
13.3.2 Eine Realisierung des Needleman-Wunsch-Algorithmus | ||
für den Vergleich zweier DNA-Sequenzen in R | 151 | |
13.3.3 | Beispiele zum Needleman-Wunsch-Algorithmus | 152 |
13.3.4 | Der Smith-Waterman-Algorithmus | 153 |
13.4 | Clustering | 154 |
13.5 | Fragen und Aufgaben | 156 |
R Einführung in R | 157 | |
R1 Erste Schritte | 158 | |
Rl.l R als Taschenrechner | 158 | |
R1.2 Eine erste Grafik | 161 | |
R2 Grundlegende Begriffe | 162 | |
R2.1 Variablen | 162 | |
R2.2 Folgen | 163 | |
R2.3 Die erzeugten Objekte | 165 | |
R3 Funktionen, Nullstellen, Maxima, Minima, R-Hilfe | 166 | |
R3.1 Funktionen | 166 | |
R3.2 Funktionsgraphen | 167 | |
R3.3 Hilfe in der Dokumentation | 168 | |
R3.4 Nullstellen, Maxima und Minima | 169 | |
R4 Funktionen mehrerer Variablen, der Workspace von R | 171 | |
R4.1 Funktionen mehrerer Variablen | 171 | |
R4.2 Wie funktioniert R im Hintergrund? | 172 | |
R5 Vektoren, Matrizen, der Dateneditor | 174 | |
R5.1 Vektoren | 174 | |
R5.2 Matrizen | 176 | |
R6 Matrizenmultiplikation, Dotplots | 180 | |
R6.1 Matrizenmultiplikation | 180 | |
R6.2 Der Befehl out er () | 182 | |
R6.3 Eine Vergleichstabelle für Sequenzvergleiche und ein Dotplot | 183 | |
R7 Datensätze, R Commander, beschreibende Statistik | 185 | |
R7.1 Der R Commander | 185 | |
R7.2 Datensätze | 186 | |
R7.3 Speichern von Programmen und Objekten | 189 | |
R7.4 Lineare Regression und Korrelation | 190 | |
R8 Datenim- und -export, Grafikexport | 193 | |
R8.1 Erstellen und Einlesen eigener Datensätze | 193 | |
R8.2 Grafik-Export | 195 | |
R9 Exponentielles Wachstum und Abklingen | 197 | |
R9.1 Zinseszins mit R als Taschenrechner | 197 | |
R9.2 Exponentielles Wachstum - US-Bevölkerungsdaten | 197 | |
R9.3 Exponentieller Abbau - Medikamentenabbau im Körper | 198 | |
RIO Nichtlineare Regression | 200 | |
R10.1 Logistisches Wachstum - US-Bevölkerungsdaten | 201 | |
RIO.2 Biexponentielles Abklingen | 201 | |
RIO.3 Michaelis-Menten-Funktion | 202 | |
RH Binomial-, Normal- und Poisson-Verteilung | 203 | |
Rll.l Die Binomialverteilung | 203 | |
Rll.2 Die Normalverteilung | 204 | |
Rll.3 Die Poisson-Verteilung | 205 | |
RH .4 Plotten von Dichten und Verteilungsfunktionen | 205 | |
R12 Binomialtest und Chi-Quadrat-Tests | 206 | |
R12.1 Die Binomialverteilung und der Binomialtest | 206 | |
R12.2 x2-Tests | 208 | |
R13 Schätzen und Testen bei normalverteilten Beobachtungen | 209 | |
R13.1 Konfidenzintervalle bei normalverteilten Beobachtungen | 209 | |
R13.2 Ein-Stichproben-t-Test | 211 | |
R13.3 Zwei-Stichproben-t-Test - verbundene Strichproben | 212 | |
R13.4 Statistik zur linearen Regression | 213 | |
R14 Sequence Alignment | 214 | |
R14.1 Die Datenbank Genbank | 214 | |
R14.2 Die Bereitstellung von Sequenzen für R | 215 | |
R14.3 Needleman-Wunsch-Algorithmus für Protein-Sequenzen | 216 | |
R14.4 Gleichzeitiger Vergleich mehrerer Sequenzen | 217 | |
Verzeichnisse | 219 | |
R-Codes zu ausgewählten Abbildungen | 219 | |
Literatur | 225 | |
Sachregister | 227 | |
Index der R-Befehle | 231 | |