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    Lawinen

    Verstehen - Vermeiden - Praxistipps (Wissen & Praxis)

    Lawinen
    Verstehen - Vermeiden - Praxistipps (Wissen & Praxis)

    Autoren:

    Verlag:
    Bergverlag Rother  Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen

    Erschienen: Februar 2013
    Seiten: 303
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Preis: 29.90 €
    Maße: 228x164x22
    Einband: Taschenbuch
    Reihe: Wissen & Praxis (Bergverlag Rother)
    ISBN: 9783763360857

    Inhaltsverzeichnis

    Vorwort4
    1 Einleitung
    1.1Was ist eine Lawine?13
    1.2Lawinenarten13
    1.3Lockerschneelawinen und Schneebretter14
    2 Schnee lebt - eine kleine Schneekunde
    2.1Abbauende Umwandlung19
    2.1.1Schnee altert19
    2.1.2Setzen, Kriechen, Gleiten20
    2.1.3Lawinengefahr bei Kriechen und Gleiten26
    2.2Aufbauende Umwandlung28
    2.2.1Kristalle wachsen wieder28
    2.2.2Oberflächenreif28
    2.2.3Tiefenreif und Schwimmschnee29
    2.2.4Nigg-Effekt32
    2.3Umwandlung durch Wind33
    2.3.1Wind ist der Baumeister der Lawinen33
    2.3.2Windverfrachtung und windabhängige Schneehöhen34
    2.3.3Hangversteilung37
    2.3.4Windgepresster Schnee38
    2.3.5Dünen und Windgangeln39
    2.3.6Kolke und Kometenschweife41
    2.3.7Anraum43
    2.4Wechten43
    2.5Umwandlung durch Wärme45
    2.5.1Erwärmung im Frühjahr46
    2.5.2Plötzliche Erwärmung49
    2.6Wenn es wieder kälter wird49
    2.7Mechanische Verformung von Schnee52
    2.7.1Elastisch, plastisch, zäh, spröde52
    2.7.2Nach dem Bruch53
    2.7.3Geschwindigkeitsabhängige Festigkeit54
    3 Wann kann es Lawinen geben?
    3.1Gebundener und ungebundener Schnee59
    3.2Gleitschicht60
    3.3Voraussetzungen für Schneebrettlawinen1
    3.3.1Schichtenaufbau und Steilheit61
    3.3.2Treibende und rückhaltende Kräfte62
    3.3.3Lawinenbedingung63
    3.4Zwischenbilanz65
    4 Einige Gedanken über Lawinen
    4.1Ein Gedankenexperiment67
    4.2Superschwachzonen69
    4.3Ein Hang ist eine Fläche70
    4.4Konsequenzen für die Lawinenkunde72
    5 Bruchmechanik und Auslösemechanismen
    5.1Drei Phasen der Lawinenauslösung75
    5.2Mit oder ohne Superschwachzone?76
    5.3Schneephysik78
    5.3.1Kräfte und Spannungen78
    5.3.2Bruchmodi82
    5.4Initialbruch85
    5.4.1Bruchauslösung durch Spannungen85
    5.4.2Schnelle Änderungen86
    5.4.3Was ist und wo entsteht ein Initialbruch?87
    5.4.4Bruchmodus90
    5.4.5Abhängigkeit von der Hangsteilheit90
    5.4.6Nach einem Initialbruch92
    5.5Bruchfortpflanzung93
    5.5.1Ohne Bruchfortpflanzung keine Lawine93
    5.5.2Kritische Spannung94
    5.5.3Woher kommen die Spannungen für eine Bruchfortpflanzung?95
    5.5.4Von selbst laufende Brüche96
    5.5.5Bruchmodus99
    5.5.6Abhängigkeit von der Hangsteilheit, Unterschiede zum Initialbruch101
    5.5.7Voraussetzungen für einen Lawinenabgang102
    5.5.8Nachfolgende Skifahrer103
    5.5.9Viele Superschwachzonen103
    5.5.10Einfluss des Menschen104
    5.6Der eigentliche Abbruch der Lawine104
    5.6.1Eine Lawine bricht ab104
    5.6.2Fernauslösung106
    5.6.3Zeitlich verzögerte Auslösung107
    5.6.4Spontanauslösung109
    5.6.5Großlawinen109
    5.7Weitere Details113
    5.7.1Wumm-Geräusche113
    5.7.2Harte und weiche Schneebretter113
    5..3Was ist gebundener Schnee wirklich?115
    5.7.4Dicke und dünne Schneebretter117
    5.7.5Dicke und dünne Schwachschichten118
    5.7.6Mehrere Schwachschichten119
    5.7.7Inhomogenitäten in einem Hang120
    5.7.8Kupiertes Gelände123
    5.7.9Bäume, Wald und Steine124
    5.8Konsequenzen für die Lawinenkunde126
    6 Nassschneelawinen
    6.1Nasse Schneebretter129
    6.2Gleitschneelawinen130
    7 Lockerschneelawinen
    7.1»Langsame« Lockerschneelawinen135
    7.2Staublawinen135
    8 Praktische Lawinenkunde
    8.1Begriffsklärung139
    8.2Strategische Lawinenkunde140
    8.2.1Erfolg, aber nicht genug140
    8.2.2Alt und neu141
    8.2.3Wahrscheinlichkeitsaussagen durch Datenverknüpfung143
    8.2.4Steilheit kontra Gefahrenstufe144
    8.2.5Die Steilheit eines Hanges145
    8.3Reduktionsmethode148
    8.3.1Elementare Reduktionsmethode148
    8.3.2Professionelle Reduktionsmethode149
    8.3.3Ist heute nicht alles anders?154
    8.3.4Goldene Regel und Bierdeckelmethode155
    8.3.5Grafische Reduktionsmethode157
    8.4Formel 3x3157
    8.4.1Keine Entscheidungen aufgrund von Einzelaspekten!157
    8.4.2Gesamtplanung: 3 Kriterien in 3 Stufen159
    8.4.3Gleiche Entscheidungshilfe auf allen 3 Stufen160
    8.4.4Praktisches Vorgehen160
    8.5Stop or go162
    8.5.1Motivation162
    8.5.2Überblick163
    8.5.3Standardmaßnahmen165
    8.5.4Check 1 und Check 2166
    8.5.5Go auch bei negativem Ergebnis von Check 1168
    8.5.6Akzeptanz170
    8.6SnowCard und Faktorencheck170
    .6.1Vorbemerkung170
    8.6.2Zwei in eins171
    8.6.3Beurteilungslevel173
    8.6.4Die 3 Hauptfragen174
    8.6.5Die 3 Stellschrauben175
    8.6.6Die 7 Schraubenzieher177
    8.6.7Gesamtplanung und worauf man unterwegs achten muss179
    8.6.8Faktorencheck180
    8.6.9Philosophie183
    8.7Grafische Reduktionsmethode184
    8.7.1Überblick184
    8.7.2Gesamtsystem185
    8.7.3Hangsteilheit186
    8.7.4Günstig/ungünstig 1187
    8.7.5Lawinenmuster187
    8.7.6Günstig/ungünstig 2191
    8.7.7Keine Sprungfunktion192
    8.7.8Wertung192
    8.8Den Methoden übergeordnete Probleme192
    8.8.1Messen und schätzen von Hangneigungen192
    8.8.2Häufig befahrene Hänge195
    8.8.3Lawinenmuster/Alarmzeichen198
    8.8.4Eigene Ermittlung der Gefahrenstufe: Nivo-Check208
    8.8.5Menschliche Einflussfaktoren210
    8.8.6Die Lernfalle213
    8.8.7Lawinenlagebericht richtig lesen216
    8.8.8Verhalten in einem Lawinenhang220
    8.8.9Nachbereitung222
    8.9Abschließende Bewertung und Empfehlung222
    8.9.1Vergleich222
    8.9.2Kritik I: Die Risikokurve ist zu flach!225
    8.9.3Kritik II: Steilheit contra Gefahrenstufe funktioniert nicht229
    8.9.4Empfehlung für die praktische Anwendung230
    8.9.5Analytik versus Statistik237
    9 Wenn es doch einmal passiert ist
    9.1Einleitung, Definitionen, Lösungsansätze245
    9.2Notfallausrüstung246
    9.2.1Standardausrüstung: LVS, Sonde, Schaufel246
    9.2.2Erweiterte Notfallausrüstung248
    9.2.3Ergänzende Systeme: Airbag und Co249
    9.2.4Gesamte Notfallausrüstung254
    9.2.5Alleingänger255
    9.2.6Ausblick in die Zukunft255
    9.3Verhalten in einer Lawine255
    9.3.1Flucht bzw. Rückzug255
    .3.2In der Lawine257
    9.4Überlebenskurve258
    9.5Kameradenrettung261
    9.5.1Beim Lawinenabgang261
    9.5.2Organisation262
    9.5.3Suche264
    9.5.4Ausgraben279
    9.5.5Erste Hilfe283
    9.6Organisierter Rettungseinsatz289
    10Tödliche Lawinenirrtümer293
    Register298
    Wichtige Telefonnummern303
    Skifahrer in einer Lawine, mit ausgelöstem Airbag.