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Autoren:
Verlag:
Bergverlag Rother Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
Vorwort | 4 | |
1 Einleitung | ||
1.1 | Was ist eine Lawine? | 13 |
1.2 | Lawinenarten | 13 |
1.3 | Lockerschneelawinen und Schneebretter | 14 |
2 Schnee lebt - eine kleine Schneekunde | ||
2.1 | Abbauende Umwandlung | 19 |
2.1.1 | Schnee altert | 19 |
2.1.2 | Setzen, Kriechen, Gleiten | 20 |
2.1.3 | Lawinengefahr bei Kriechen und Gleiten | 26 |
2.2 | Aufbauende Umwandlung | 28 |
2.2.1 | Kristalle wachsen wieder | 28 |
2.2.2 | Oberflächenreif | 28 |
2.2.3 | Tiefenreif und Schwimmschnee | 29 |
2.2.4 | Nigg-Effekt | 32 |
2.3 | Umwandlung durch Wind | 33 |
2.3.1 | Wind ist der Baumeister der Lawinen | 33 |
2.3.2 | Windverfrachtung und windabhängige Schneehöhen | 34 |
2.3.3 | Hangversteilung | 37 |
2.3.4 | Windgepresster Schnee | 38 |
2.3.5 | Dünen und Windgangeln | 39 |
2.3.6 | Kolke und Kometenschweife | 41 |
2.3.7 | Anraum | 43 |
2.4 | Wechten | 43 |
2.5 | Umwandlung durch Wärme | 45 |
2.5.1 | Erwärmung im Frühjahr | 46 |
2.5.2 | Plötzliche Erwärmung | 49 |
2.6 | Wenn es wieder kälter wird | 49 |
2.7 | Mechanische Verformung von Schnee | 52 |
2.7.1 | Elastisch, plastisch, zäh, spröde | 52 |
2.7.2 | Nach dem Bruch | 53 |
2.7.3 | Geschwindigkeitsabhängige Festigkeit | 54 |
3 Wann kann es Lawinen geben? | ||
3.1 | Gebundener und ungebundener Schnee | 59 |
3.2 | Gleitschicht | 60 |
3.3 | Voraussetzungen für Schneebrettlawinen | 1 |
3.3.1 | Schichtenaufbau und Steilheit | 61 |
3.3.2 | Treibende und rückhaltende Kräfte | 62 |
3.3.3 | Lawinenbedingung | 63 |
3.4 | Zwischenbilanz | 65 |
4 Einige Gedanken über Lawinen | ||
4.1 | Ein Gedankenexperiment | 67 |
4.2 | Superschwachzonen | 69 |
4.3 | Ein Hang ist eine Fläche | 70 |
4.4 | Konsequenzen für die Lawinenkunde | 72 |
5 Bruchmechanik und Auslösemechanismen | ||
5.1 | Drei Phasen der Lawinenauslösung | 75 |
5.2 | Mit oder ohne Superschwachzone? | 76 |
5.3 | Schneephysik | 78 |
5.3.1 | Kräfte und Spannungen | 78 |
5.3.2 | Bruchmodi | 82 |
5.4 | Initialbruch | 85 |
5.4.1 | Bruchauslösung durch Spannungen | 85 |
5.4.2 | Schnelle Änderungen | 86 |
5.4.3 | Was ist und wo entsteht ein Initialbruch? | 87 |
5.4.4 | Bruchmodus | 90 |
5.4.5 | Abhängigkeit von der Hangsteilheit | 90 |
5.4.6 | Nach einem Initialbruch | 92 |
5.5 | Bruchfortpflanzung | 93 |
5.5.1 | Ohne Bruchfortpflanzung keine Lawine | 93 |
5.5.2 | Kritische Spannung | 94 |
5.5.3 | Woher kommen die Spannungen für eine Bruchfortpflanzung? | 95 |
5.5.4 | Von selbst laufende Brüche | 96 |
5.5.5 | Bruchmodus | 99 |
5.5.6 | Abhängigkeit von der Hangsteilheit, Unterschiede zum Initialbruch | 101 |
5.5.7 | Voraussetzungen für einen Lawinenabgang | 102 |
5.5.8 | Nachfolgende Skifahrer | 103 |
5.5.9 | Viele Superschwachzonen | 103 |
5.5.10 | Einfluss des Menschen | 104 |
5.6 | Der eigentliche Abbruch der Lawine | 104 |
5.6.1 | Eine Lawine bricht ab | 104 |
5.6.2 | Fernauslösung | 106 |
5.6.3 | Zeitlich verzögerte Auslösung | 107 |
5.6.4 | Spontanauslösung | 109 |
5.6.5 | Großlawinen | 109 |
5.7 | Weitere Details | 113 |
5.7.1 | Wumm-Geräusche | 113 |
5.7.2 | Harte und weiche Schneebretter | 113 |
5..3 | Was ist gebundener Schnee wirklich? | 115 |
5.7.4 | Dicke und dünne Schneebretter | 117 |
5.7.5 | Dicke und dünne Schwachschichten | 118 |
5.7.6 | Mehrere Schwachschichten | 119 |
5.7.7 | Inhomogenitäten in einem Hang | 120 |
5.7.8 | Kupiertes Gelände | 123 |
5.7.9 | Bäume, Wald und Steine | 124 |
5.8 | Konsequenzen für die Lawinenkunde | 126 |
6 Nassschneelawinen | ||
6.1 | Nasse Schneebretter | 129 |
6.2 | Gleitschneelawinen | 130 |
7 Lockerschneelawinen | ||
7.1 | »Langsame« Lockerschneelawinen | 135 |
7.2 | Staublawinen | 135 |
8 Praktische Lawinenkunde | ||
8.1 | Begriffsklärung | 139 |
8.2 | Strategische Lawinenkunde | 140 |
8.2.1 | Erfolg, aber nicht genug | 140 |
8.2.2 | Alt und neu | 141 |
8.2.3 | Wahrscheinlichkeitsaussagen durch Datenverknüpfung | 143 |
8.2.4 | Steilheit kontra Gefahrenstufe | 144 |
8.2.5 | Die Steilheit eines Hanges | 145 |
8.3 | Reduktionsmethode | 148 |
8.3.1 | Elementare Reduktionsmethode | 148 |
8.3.2 | Professionelle Reduktionsmethode | 149 |
8.3.3 | Ist heute nicht alles anders? | 154 |
8.3.4 | Goldene Regel und Bierdeckelmethode | 155 |
8.3.5 | Grafische Reduktionsmethode | 157 |
8.4 | Formel 3x3 | 157 |
8.4.1 | Keine Entscheidungen aufgrund von Einzelaspekten! | 157 |
8.4.2 | Gesamtplanung: 3 Kriterien in 3 Stufen | 159 |
8.4.3 | Gleiche Entscheidungshilfe auf allen 3 Stufen | 160 |
8.4.4 | Praktisches Vorgehen | 160 |
8.5 | Stop or go | 162 |
8.5.1 | Motivation | 162 |
8.5.2 | Überblick | 163 |
8.5.3 | Standardmaßnahmen | 165 |
8.5.4 | Check 1 und Check 2 | 166 |
8.5.5 | Go auch bei negativem Ergebnis von Check 1 | 168 |
8.5.6 | Akzeptanz | 170 |
8.6 | SnowCard und Faktorencheck | 170 |
.6.1 | Vorbemerkung | 170 |
8.6.2 | Zwei in eins | 171 |
8.6.3 | Beurteilungslevel | 173 |
8.6.4 | Die 3 Hauptfragen | 174 |
8.6.5 | Die 3 Stellschrauben | 175 |
8.6.6 | Die 7 Schraubenzieher | 177 |
8.6.7 | Gesamtplanung und worauf man unterwegs achten muss | 179 |
8.6.8 | Faktorencheck | 180 |
8.6.9 | Philosophie | 183 |
8.7 | Grafische Reduktionsmethode | 184 |
8.7.1 | Überblick | 184 |
8.7.2 | Gesamtsystem | 185 |
8.7.3 | Hangsteilheit | 186 |
8.7.4 | Günstig/ungünstig 1 | 187 |
8.7.5 | Lawinenmuster | 187 |
8.7.6 | Günstig/ungünstig 2 | 191 |
8.7.7 | Keine Sprungfunktion | 192 |
8.7.8 | Wertung | 192 |
8.8 | Den Methoden übergeordnete Probleme | 192 |
8.8.1 | Messen und schätzen von Hangneigungen | 192 |
8.8.2 | Häufig befahrene Hänge | 195 |
8.8.3 | Lawinenmuster/Alarmzeichen | 198 |
8.8.4 | Eigene Ermittlung der Gefahrenstufe: Nivo-Check | 208 |
8.8.5 | Menschliche Einflussfaktoren | 210 |
8.8.6 | Die Lernfalle | 213 |
8.8.7 | Lawinenlagebericht richtig lesen | 216 |
8.8.8 | Verhalten in einem Lawinenhang | 220 |
8.8.9 | Nachbereitung | 222 |
8.9 | Abschließende Bewertung und Empfehlung | 222 |
8.9.1 | Vergleich | 222 |
8.9.2 | Kritik I: Die Risikokurve ist zu flach! | 225 |
8.9.3 | Kritik II: Steilheit contra Gefahrenstufe funktioniert nicht | 229 |
8.9.4 | Empfehlung für die praktische Anwendung | 230 |
8.9.5 | Analytik versus Statistik | 237 |
9 Wenn es doch einmal passiert ist | ||
9.1 | Einleitung, Definitionen, Lösungsansätze | 245 |
9.2 | Notfallausrüstung | 246 |
9.2.1 | Standardausrüstung: LVS, Sonde, Schaufel | 246 |
9.2.2 | Erweiterte Notfallausrüstung | 248 |
9.2.3 | Ergänzende Systeme: Airbag und Co | 249 |
9.2.4 | Gesamte Notfallausrüstung | 254 |
9.2.5 | Alleingänger | 255 |
9.2.6 | Ausblick in die Zukunft | 255 |
9.3 | Verhalten in einer Lawine | 255 |
9.3.1 | Flucht bzw. Rückzug | 255 |
.3.2 | In der Lawine | 257 |
9.4 | Überlebenskurve | 258 |
9.5 | Kameradenrettung | 261 |
9.5.1 | Beim Lawinenabgang | 261 |
9.5.2 | Organisation | 262 |
9.5.3 | Suche | 264 |
9.5.4 | Ausgraben | 279 |
9.5.5 | Erste Hilfe | 283 |
9.6 | Organisierter Rettungseinsatz | 289 |
10 | Tödliche Lawinenirrtümer | 293 |
Register | 298 | |
Wichtige Telefonnummern | 303 | |
Skifahrer in einer Lawine, mit ausgelöstem Airbag. | ||