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Autoren:
Verlag:
Springer-Verlag Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
1 | Wasseraktivität | 1 |
1.1.1 | Festkörper-Fluid-Grenzflächen | 1 |
1.2 | Adsorptionsgleichgewicht | 1 |
1.2.1 | Oberflächen-Belegung | 4 |
1.2.2 | Adsorptions-Isothermen | 7 |
1.2.3 | BET-Modell | 9 |
1.2.4 | GAB-Modell | 18 |
1.2.5 | Andere Modelle | 22 |
1.3 | Haltbarkeit von Lebensmitteln | 23 |
1.4 | Messung von Sorptions-Isothermen | 26 |
1.5 | Applikationen | 29 |
1.6 | Literatur | 29 |
2 | Masse und Dichte | 31 |
2.1 | Masse | 31 |
2.2 | Wiegen und Luftauftrieb | 32 |
2.3 | Dichte | 35 |
2.3.1 | Temperaturabhängigkeit der Dichte | 35 |
2.3.2 | Ideale Gase | 35 |
2.3.3 | Festkörper und Flüssigkeiten | 36 |
2.3.4 | Druckabhängigkeit der Dichte | 37 |
2.3.5 | Ideale Gase | 37 |
2.3.6 | Flüssigkeiten und Festkörper | 37 |
2.3.7 | Relative Dichte | 40 |
2.3.8 | Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Dichte | 40 |
2.4 | Applikationen | 58 |
2.5 | Literatur | 58 |
3 | Disperse Systeme: Geometrische Eigenschaften | 59 |
3.1 | Partikelgröße | 60 |
3.1.1 | Längen aus Bildauswerteverfahren | 60 |
3.1.2 | Äquivalent durchmess er | 60 |
3.1.3 | Geometrische Äquivalentdurchmesser | 61 |
3.1.4 | Physikalische Äquivalentdurchmesser | 62 |
3.1.5 | Spezifische Oberfläche | 62 |
3.1.6 | Partikelform | 63 |
3.2 | Partikelgrößenverteilungen | 65 |
3.2.1 | Masseverteilung | 66 |
3.2.2 | Medianwert | 71 |
3.2.3 | Modalwert | 72 |
3.2.4 | Mittlere Partikelgröße - integrale Mittelwerte | 72 |
3.2.5 | Spezifische Oberfläche | 76 |
3.2.6 | SAUTER-Durchmesser | 78 |
3.2.7 | Weitere Verteilungs-Parameter | 79 |
3.3 | Messung von Partikelgrößen | 79 |
3.3.1 | Gravimetrische Verfahren | 80 |
3.3.2 | Optische Verfahren | 81 |
3.3.3 | Elektrische Verfahren | 82 |
3.3.4 | Weitere Messverfahren | 83 |
3.4 | Applikationen | 85 |
3.5 | Literatur | 86 |
4 | Rheologische Eigenschaften | 87 |
4.1 | Elastische Eigenschaften | 87 |
4.1.1 | Zugbeanspruchung | 87 |
4.1.2 | Dehnung | 89 |
4.1.3 | Kompression, Kompressibilität, Kompressionsmodul | 91 |
4.1.4 | Scherung | 92 |
4.1.5 | Querdehnung | 93 |
4.2 | Rheologische Modell-Körper | 94 |
4.3 | Viskose Eigenschaften - Fließen | 97 |
4.3.1 | Scherrate | 98 |
4.3.2 | NEWTON'sches Fließverhalten | 103 |
4.3.3 | Nicht-NEWTON'sches Fließverhalten | 105 |
4.3.4 | Vergleich: NEWTON'sche Fluide - nicht-NEWTON'sche Fluide | 106 |
4.3.5 | Strukturviskoses Fließverhalten | 107 |
4.3.6 | Thixotropes Fließverhalten | 107 |
4.3.7 | Dilatantes Fließverhalten | 108 |
4.3.8 | Plastisches Fließverhalten | 108 |
4.3.9 | Übersicht: Nicht-NEWTON'sches Fließverhalten | 110 |
4.3.10 | Modellfunktionen | 112 |
4.3.11 | OsTWALD-DE-WAELE-Fließgesetz | 114 |
4.3.12 | Modellfunktionen für plastische Fluide | 116 |
4.4 | Viskoelastizität | 118 |
4.5 | Temperaturabhängigkeit der Viskosität | 122 |
4.6 | Rheologische Messsysteme | 123 |
4.6.1 | Rotations-Rheometer | 123 |
4.6.2 | Oszillationstest | 137 |
4.6.3 | Weitere Messsysteme | 141 |
4.7 | Textur-Untersuchung | 144 |
4.7.1 | Messverfahren | 146 |
4.7.2 | Stress-Test | 151 |
4.7.3 | Fließtest | 152 |
4.7.4 | Relaxations-Test | 152 |
4.7.5 | Kriech-Tests | 155 |
4.7.6 | Bruch-Tests | 156 |
4.8 | Applikationen | 162 |
4.9 | Literatur | 163 |
5 | Grenzflächen | 167 |
5.1 | Zwei-Phasen-Systeme | 168 |
5.1.1 | Grenzflächenspannung | 168 |
5.1.2 | Gekrümmte Grenzflächen | 169 |
5.1.3 | Temperaturabhängigkeit der Grenzflächenspannung | 172 |
5.1.4 | Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Grenzflächenspannung | 176 |
5.1.5 | Messung der Grenzflächenspannung | 178 |
5.1.6 | Adsorption von Polymeren aus der flüssigen Phase | 182 |
5.2 | Drei-Phasen-Systeme | 183 |
5.2.1 | Phasengrenze Flüssigkeit-Flüssigkeit-Gas | 183 |
5.2.2 | Phasengrenze Festkörper-Flüssigkeit-Gas | 184 |
5.3 | Applikationen | 186 |
5.4 | Literatur | 186 |
6 | Transport von Stoff, Masse, Wärme, Ladung | 187 |
6.1 | Stationäre Diffusion in Festkörpern | 187 |
6.2 | Leitfähigkeit, Leitwert, Widerstand | 192 |
6.3 | Stationäre Transportprozesse in mehrschichtigen Festkörpern | 194 |
6.4 | Permeation durch Verpackungen | 196 |
6.4.1 | Temperaturabhängigkeit | 200 |
6.4.2 | Messung der Permeabilität | 200 |
6.5 | Applikationen | 204 |
6.6 | Literatur | 205 |
7 | Thermische Größen | 207 |
7.1 | Temperatur | 207 |
7.2 | Thermische Ausdehnung | 209 |
7.2.1 | Längenausdehnung | 209 |
7.2.2 | Volumenausdehnung | 210 |
7.3 | Temperatur-Messung | 212 |
7.3.1 | Ausdehnungs-Thermometer | 212 |
7.3.2 | Elektrische Temperaturmessung | 213 |
7.4 | Enthalpie und Wärme | 215 |
7.5 | Thermodynamische Grundlagen | 217 |
7.5.1 | Hauptsätze der Thermodynamik | 218 |
7.5.2 | Klassifikation von Phasenumwandlungen | 219 |
7.6 | Wärmekapazität | 222 |
7.6.1 | Ideale Gase und ideale Festkörper | 223 |
7.6.2 | Wärmekapazität zusammengesetzter, realer Festkörper | 226 |
7.7 | Wärmetransport in Lebensmitteln | 227 |
7.7.1 | Wärmestrahlung | 227 |
7.7.2 | Wärmeleitung | 229 |
7.7.3 | Wärmeleitfähigkeit | 239 |
7.7.4 | Temperaturleitfähigkeit | 244 |
7.7.5 | Messung von Wärmeleitfähigkeit und Temperaturleitfähigkeit | 245 |
7.8 | Brennwert und Energieinhalt von Lebensmitteln | 248 |
7.8.1 | Energieinhalt und-Umsatz | 248 |
7.8.2 | Berechnung des Energieinhaltes von Lebensmitteln | 250 |
7.8.3 | Messung des Brennwertes | 251 |
7.9 | Thermische Analyse | 252 |
7.9.1 | Thermogravimetrie (TG) | 253 |
7.9.2 | Wärmestrom-Kalorimetrie | 257 |
7.10 | Applikationen | 273 |
7.11 | Literatur | 275 |
8 | Elektrische Eigenschaften | 279 |
8.1 | Konduktivität | 279 |
8.1.1 | Temperaturabhängigkeit der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit | 281 |
8.1.2 | Feste pflanzliche Lebensmittel | 282 |
8.1.3 | Feste tierische Lebensmittel | 282 |
8.1.4 | Elektrolyt-Lösungen | 283 |
8.2 | Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit | 288 |
8.3 | Kapazität und Induktivität | 290 |
8.4 | Applikationen | 294 |
8.5 | Literatur | 294 |
9 | Magnetische Eigenschaften | 295 |
9.1 | Paramagnetismus | 295 |
9.2 | Ferromagnetismus | 296 |
9.3 | Diamagnetismus | 296 |
9.4 | Magnetisierung | 298 |
9.4.1 | Applikationen | 301 |
9.5 | Magnetische Resonanz | 303 |
9.5.1 | NMR-Varianten | 306 |
9.5.2 | Applikationen | 310 |
9.5.3 | Literatur | 312 |
10 | Elektromagnetische Eigenschaften | 315 |
10.1 | Elektrische Polarisation | 315 |
10.1.1 | Temperaturabhängigkeit | 319 |
10.1.2 | Frequenzabhängigkeit | 321 |
10.1.3 | Applikationen | 322 |
10.2 | Mikrowellen | 322 |
10.2.1 | Umwandlung von Mikrowellen in Wärme | 324 |
10.2.2 | Eindringtiefe von Mikrowellen | 326 |
10.2.3 | Mikrowellenerwärmung von Lebensmitteln | 327 |
10.2.4 | Applikationen | 328 |
10.2.5 | Literatur | 329 |
11 | Optische Eigenschaften | 331 |
11.1 | Refraktometrie | 331 |
11.1.1 | Grundlagen | 331 |
11.1.2 | Messung der Brechzahl | 333 |
11.1.3 | Applikationen | 336 |
11.2 | Kolorimetrie | 336 |
11.2.1 | Entstehen von Farbe und Färbung | 337 |
11.2.2 | Physiologie des Farbsehens | 339 |
11.2.3 | Terminologie | 340 |
11.2.4 | Farbmessverfahren | 344 |
11.2.5 | Applikationen | 345 |
11.2.6 | Literatur | 346 |
11.3 | NIR - nahes Infrarot | 347 |
11.3.1 | Grundlagen | 347 |
11.3.2 | Messtechnik | 350 |
11.3.3 | Applikationen | 353 |
11.3.4 | Literatur | 354 |
12 | Akustische Eigenschaften | 355 |
12.1 | Schall | 355 |
12.1.1 | Schallgeschwindigkeit | 355 |
12.1.2 | Lautstärke | 358 |
12.1.3 | Geräusch | 359 |
12.1.4 | Lärm | 360 |
12.2 | Ultraschall | 360 |
12.3 | Anwendungsbeipiele | 362 |
12.4 | Literatur | 362 |
13 | Radioaktivität | 365 |
13.1 | Strahlenarten | 365 |
13.2 | Radioaktives Zerfallsgesetz | 366 |
13.3 | Messung ionisierender Strahlung | 368 |
13.4 | Natürliche Radioaktivität | 371 |
13.5 | Applikationen | 377 |
13.6 | Literatur | 377 |
14 | Anhänge | 379 |
14.1 | Das Internationale Einheitensystem (SI) | 379 |
14.2 | Gestaltung von Manuskripten | 386 |
14.3 | Verteilungsfunktionen | 392 |
14.4 | Komplexe Zahlen | 399 |
14.5 | Griechische Schriftbuchstaben | 405 |
14.6 | Umrechnung von Temperaturangaben | 406 |
14.7 | Umrechnung von Zuckergehalt und Dichte | 407 |
14.8 | Einige Stoffdaten | 408 |
14.9 | Färb Vergleichslösungen | 416 |
14.10 | Abbildungs-Verzeichnis | 420 |
14.11 | Tabellen-Verzeichnis | 427 |
15 | Allgemeine Literatur | 433 |