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Autoren:
Verlag:
Springer-Verlag Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
1 | Wasseraktivität | 1 |
1.1.1 | Festkörper-Fluid-Grenzflächen | 1 |
1.2 | Adsorptionsgleichgewicht | 1 |
1.2.1 | Oberflächen-Belegung | 4 |
1.2.2 | Adsorptions-Isothermen | 7 |
1.2.3 | BET-Modell | 9 |
1.2.4 | GAB-Modell | 18 |
1.2.5 | Andere Modelle | 22 |
1.3 | Haltbarkeit von Lebensmitteln | 23 |
1.4 | Messung von Sorptions-Isothermen | 26 |
1.5 | Applikationen | 29 |
1.6 | Literatur | 29 |
2 | Masse und Dichte | 31 |
2.1 | Masse | 31 |
2.2 | Wiegen und Luftauftrieb | 32 |
2.3 | Dichte | 35 |
2.3.1 | Temperaturabhängigkeit der Dichte | 35 |
2.3.2 | Ideale Gase | 35 |
2.3.3 | Festkörper und Flüssigkeiten | 36 |
2.3.4 | Druckabhängigkeit der Dichte | 37 |
2.3.5 | Ideale Gase | 37 |
2.3.6 | Flüssigkeiten und Festkörper | 37 |
2.3.7 | Relative Dichte | 40 |
2.3.8 | Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Dichte | 40 |
2.4 | Applikationen | 58 |
2.5 | Literatur | 58 |
3 | Disperse Systeme: Geometrische Eigenschaften | 59 |
3.1 | Partikelgröße | 60 |
3.1.1 | Längen aus Bildauswerteverfahren | 60 |
3.1.2 | Äquivalent durchmess er | 60 |
3.1.3 | Geometrische Äquivalentdurchmesser | 61 |
3.1.4 | Physikalische Äquivalentdurchmesser | 62 |
3.1.5 | Spezifische Oberfläche | 62 |
3.1.6 | Partikelform | 63 |
3.2 | Partikelgrößenverteilungen | 65 |
3.2.1 | Masseverteilung | 66 |
3.2.2 | Medianwert | 71 |
3.2.3 | Modalwert | 72 |
3.2.4 | Mittlere Partikelgröße - integrale Mittelwerte | 72 |
3.2.5 | Spezifische Oberfläche | 76 |
3.2.6 | SAUTER-Durchmesser | 78 |
3.2.7 | Weitere Verteilungs-Parameter | 79 |
3.3 | Messung von Partikelgrößen | 79 |
3.3.1 | Gravimetrische Verfahren | 80 |
3.3.2 | Optische Verfahren | 81 |
3.3.3 | Elektrische Verfahren | 82 |
3.3.4 | Weitere Messverfahren | 83 |
3.4 | Applikationen | 85 |
3.5 | Literatur | 86 |
4 | Rheologische Eigenschaften | 87 |
4.1 | Elastische Eigenschaften | 87 |
4.1.1 | Zugbeanspruchung | 87 |
4.1.2 | Dehnung | 89 |
4.1.3 | Kompression, Kompressibilität, Kompressionsmodul | 91 |
4.1.4 | Scherung | 92 |
4.1.5 | Querdehnung | 93 |
4.2 | Rheologische Modell-Körper | 94 |
4.3 | Viskose Eigenschaften - Fließen | 97 |
4.3.1 | Scherrate | 98 |
4.3.2 | NEWTON'sches Fließverhalten | 103 |
4.3.3 | Nicht-NEWTON'sches Fließverhalten | 105 |
4.3.4 | Vergleich: NEWTON'sche Fluide - nicht-NEWTON'sche Fluide | 106 |
4.3.5 | Strukturviskoses Fließverhalten | 107 |
4.3.6 | Thixotropes Fließverhalten | 107 |
4.3.7 | Dilatantes Fließverhalten | 108 |
4.3.8 | Plastisches Fließverhalten | 108 |
4.3.9 | Übersicht: Nicht-NEWTON'sches Fließverhalten | 110 |
4.3.10 | Modellfunktionen | 112 |
4.3.11 | OsTWALD-DE-WAELE-Fließgesetz | 114 |
4.3.12 | Modellfunktionen für plastische Fluide | 116 |
4.4 | Viskoelastizität | 118 |
4.5 | Temperaturabhängigkeit der Viskosität | 122 |
4.6 | Rheologische Messsysteme | 123 |
4.6.1 | Rotations-Rheometer | 123 |
4.6.2 | Oszillationstest | 137 |
4.6.3 | Weitere Messsysteme | 141 |
4.7 | Textur-Untersuchung | 144 |
4.7.1 | Messverfahren | 146 |
4.7.2 | Stress-Test | 151 |
4.7.3 | Fließtest | 152 |
4.7.4 | Relaxations-Test | 152 |
4.7.5 | Kriech-Tests | 155 |
4.7.6 | Bruch-Tests | 156 |
4.8 | Applikationen | 162 |
4.9 | Literatur | 163 |
5 | Grenzflächen | 167 |
5.1 | Zwei-Phasen-Systeme | 168 |
5.1.1 | Grenzflächenspannung | 168 |
5.1.2 | Gekrümmte Grenzflächen | 169 |
5.1.3 | Temperaturabhängigkeit der Grenzflächenspannung | 172 |
5.1.4 | Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Grenzflächenspannung | 176 |
5.1.5 | Messung der Grenzflächenspannung | 178 |
5.1.6 | Adsorption von Polymeren aus der flüssigen Phase | 182 |
5.2 | Drei-Phasen-Systeme | 183 |
5.2.1 | Phasengrenze Flüssigkeit-Flüssigkeit-Gas | 183 |
5.2.2 | Phasengrenze Festkörper-Flüssigkeit-Gas | 184 |
5.3 | Applikationen | 186 |
5.4 | Literatur | 186 |
6 | Transport von Stoff, Masse, Wärme, Ladung | 187 |
6.1 | Stationäre Diffusion in Festkörpern | 187 |
6.2 | Leitfähigkeit, Leitwert, Widerstand | 192 |
6.3 | Stationäre Transportprozesse in mehrschichtigen Festkörpern | 194 |
6.4 | Permeation durch Verpackungen | 196 |
6.4.1 | Temperaturabhängigkeit | 200 |
6.4.2 | Messung der Permeabilität | 200 |
6.5 | Applikationen | 204 |
6.6 | Literatur | 205 |
7 | Thermische Größen | 207 |
7.1 | Temperatur | 207 |
7.2 | Thermische Ausdehnung | 209 |
7.2.1 | Längenausdehnung | 209 |
7.2.2 | Volumenausdehnung | 210 |
7.3 | Temperatur-Messung | 212 |
7.3.1 | Ausdehnungs-Thermometer | 212 |
7.3.2 | Elektrische Temperaturmessung | 213 |
7.4 | Enthalpie und Wärme | 215 |
7.5 | Thermodynamische Grundlagen | 217 |
7.5.1 | Hauptsätze der Thermodynamik | 218 |
7.5.2 | Klassifikation von Phasenumwandlungen | 219 |
7.6 | Wärmekapazität | 222 |
7.6.1 | Ideale Gase und ideale Festkörper | 223 |
7.6.2 | Wärmekapazität zusammengesetzter, realer Festkörper | 226 |
7.7 | Wärmetransport in Lebensmitteln | 227 |
7.7.1 | Wärmestrahlung | 227 |
7.7.2 | Wärmeleitung | 229 |
7.7.3 | Wärmeleitfähigkeit | 239 |
7.7.4 | Temperaturleitfähigkeit | 244 |
7.7.5 | Messung von Wärmeleitfähigkeit und Temperaturleitfähigkeit | 245 |
7.8 | Brennwert und Energieinhalt von Lebensmitteln | 248 |
7.8.1 | Energieinhalt und-Umsatz | 248 |
7.8.2 | Berechnung des Energieinhaltes von Lebensmitteln | 250 |
7.8.3 | Messung des Brennwertes | 251 |
7.9 | Thermische Analyse | 252 |
7.9.1 | Thermogravimetrie (TG) | 253 |
7.9.2 | Wärmestrom-Kalorimetrie | 257 |
7.10 | Applikationen | 273 |
7.11 | Literatur | 275 |
8 | Elektrische Eigenschaften | 279 |
8.1 | Konduktivität | 279 |
8.1.1 | Temperaturabhängigkeit der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit | 281 |
8.1.2 | Feste pflanzliche Lebensmittel | 282 |
8.1.3 | Feste tierische Lebensmittel | 282 |
8.1.4 | Elektrolyt-Lösungen | 283 |
8.2 | Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit | 288 |
8.3 | Kapazität und Induktivität | 290 |
8.4 | Applikationen | 294 |
8.5 | Literatur | 294 |
9 | Magnetische Eigenschaften | 295 |
9.1 | Paramagnetismus | 295 |
9.2 | Ferromagnetismus | 296 |
9.3 | Diamagnetismus | 296 |
9.4 | Magnetisierung | 298 |
9.4.1 | Applikationen | 301 |
9.5 | Magnetische Resonanz | 303 |
9.5.1 | NMR-Varianten | 306 |
9.5.2 | Applikationen | 310 |
9.5.3 | Literatur | 312 |
10 | Elektromagnetische Eigenschaften | 315 |
10.1 | Elektrische Polarisation | 315 |
10.1.1 | Temperaturabhängigkeit | 319 |
10.1.2 | Frequenzabhängigkeit | 321 |
10.1.3 | Applikationen | 322 |
10.2 | Mikrowellen | 322 |
10.2.1 | Umwandlung von Mikrowellen in Wärme | 324 |
10.2.2 | Eindringtiefe von Mikrowellen | 326 |
10.2.3 | Mikrowellenerwärmung von Lebensmitteln | 327 |
10.2.4 | Applikationen | 328 |
10.2.5 | Literatur | 329 |
11 | Optische Eigenschaften | 331 |
11.1 | Refraktometrie | 331 |
11.1.1 | Grundlagen | 331 |
11.1.2 | Messung der Brechzahl | 333 |
11.1.3 | Applikationen | 336 |
11.2 | Kolorimetrie | 336 |
11.2.1 | Entstehen von Farbe und Färbung | 337 |
11.2.2 | Physiologie des Farbsehens | 339 |
11.2.3 | Terminologie | 340 |
11.2.4 | Farbmessverfahren | 344 |
11.2.5 | Applikationen | 345 |
11.2.6 | Literatur | 346 |
11.3 | NIR - nahes Infrarot | 347 |
11.3.1 | Grundlagen | 347 |
11.3.2 | Messtechnik | 350 |
11.3.3 | Applikationen | 353 |
11.3.4 | Literatur | 354 |
12 | Akustische Eigenschaften | 355 |
12.1 | Schall | 355 |
12.1.1 | Schallgeschwindigkeit | 355 |
12.1.2 | Lautstärke | 358 |
12.1.3 | Geräusch | 359 |
12.1.4 | Lärm | 360 |
12.2 | Ultraschall | 360 |
12.3 | Anwendungsbeipiele | 362 |
12.4 | Literatur | 362 |
13 | Radioaktivität | 365 |
13.1 | Strahlenarten | 365 |
13.2 | Radioaktives Zerfallsgesetz | 366 |
13.3 | Messung ionisierender Strahlung | 368 |
13.4 | Natürliche Radioaktivität | 371 |
13.5 | Applikationen | 377 |
13.6 | Literatur | 377 |
14 | Anhänge | 379 |
14.1 | Das Internationale Einheitensystem (SI) | 379 |
14.2 | Gestaltung von Manuskripten | 386 |
14.3 | Verteilungsfunktionen | 392 |
14.4 | Komplexe Zahlen | 399 |
14.5 | Griechische Schriftbuchstaben | 405 |
14.6 | Umrechnung von Temperaturangaben | 406 |
14.7 | Umrechnung von Zuckergehalt und Dichte | 407 |
14.8 | Einige Stoffdaten | 408 |
14.9 | Färb Vergleichslösungen | 416 |
14.10 | Abbildungs-Verzeichnis | 420 |
14.11 | Tabellen-Verzeichnis | 427 |
15 | Allgemeine Literatur | 433 |
Sachverzeichnis
A
ct-Strahlung 365
A-Bewertung 359
Abperlen 185
Abschwächung 326
Absorptionsgrad 229,323
ADSC 265
Adhäsion 184
Adhäsionsarbeit 184
Adsorbat 2
Adsorbens 2
Adsorpt 2
Adsorption 1
Adsorptionsenergie 4
Adsorptionsgleichgewicht 4
Adsorptions-Isotherme 7,11
Adsorptiv 2
Aktivität 366
Ampere 379
Analyse, organoleptische 144
Analysen-Sichtung 81
Analysensiebung 66,67,68,80
Anion 279
Anisotropie 91
Anomalie 36
Anregungsdetektor 368
Anteil, gefrorener 310
Antiferromagnetismus 297
Anzahlverteilung 65
AOTF 351
Äquivalentdurchmesser 60
Äquivalentleitfähigkeit 283
Äquivalentdosis 374
Äquivalentzahl 283
Aräometer 47
Arrhenius 122,200
Atom 365
Atomkern 366
Atto 383
At water 251
auditorisch 144
Aufschlag 53
Auftriebskraft 42
Auge 339,344
Ausdehnungskoeffizient 210,211
Auslaufbecher 144
Auslauf-Test 162
Auslauf-Verfahren 144
Auslösezählrohre 370
B
Strahlung 365
Basiseinheiten 379
Benetzung 185
Benetzungswinkel 180,185
Beschreibung, sensorische 144
Bestrahlung 374
BET-Modell 9
BET-Oberfläche 83
Beugung 82
Beweglichkeit 281
Biegebeanspruchung 161
Biegeschwinger 50
Biegetest 161
Bingham 105,110,116
Blaine 83
Blasengröße 59
Blaseninnendruck 181
Blasen-Viskosimeter 143
Blindanteil 139
Blindschubmodul 139
Blindviskosität 140
Bombenkalorimeter 251
BosTWiCK-Fließgrenze 144
BosTWiCK-Konsistometer 144
Brechung 331
Brechzahl 333
Brechzahlbestimmung 334
Brennwert 248
brightness 344
Brillanz 344
Bruchdehnung 89
Bruchgeräusch 359
Bruchgrenze 89
Sachverzeichnis