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Autoren:
Verlag:
Vieweg+Teubner Verlag Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
1 | Einführung | 1 |
1.1 | Die Anfänge katalytischer Forschung | 1 |
1.2 | Die Katalysedefinitionen von Berzelius und Ostwald | 4 |
2 | Grundlagen der Komplexkatalyse | 8 |
2.1 | Homogene versus heterogene Katalyse | 8 |
2.2 | Katalysezyklen | 10 |
2.3 | Aktivität und Produktivität von Katalysatoren | 11 |
2.4 | Selektivität und Spezifität von Katalysatoren | 12 |
2.5 | Ermittlung von Katalysemechanismen | 14 |
2.6 | Glossar der Katalyse | 12 |
2.7 | Die Entwicklung der metallorganischen Komplexkatalyse | 20 |
3 | Elementarschritte in der metallorganischen Komplexkatalyse | 25 |
3.1 | Abspaltung und Koordination von Liganden | 25 |
3.2 | Oxidative Additionen und reduktive Eliminierungen | 28 |
3.3 | Oxidative Kupplungen und reduktive Spaltungen | 32 |
3.4 | Insertion von Olefmen und ß-Wasserstoffeliminierungen | 34 |
3.5 | a-Wasserstoffeliminierungen und Carbeninsertionsreaktionen | 37 |
3.6 | Addition von Nucleophilen und heterolytische Fragmentierungen | 39 |
3.7 | Insertion und Extrusion von CO | 42 |
3.8 | Einelektronenreduktion und -oxidation | 43 |
4 | Hydrierungen von Olefinen | 45 |
4.1 | Einführung | 45 |
4.2 | Der Wilkinson-Katalysator | 46 |
4.2.1 | Grundlagen | 46 |
4.2.2 | Mechanismus der Olefmhydrierung | 47 |
4.3 | Enantioselektive Hydrierungen | 50 |
4.3.1 | Grundlagen | 50 |
4.3.2 | Anwendungen und Beispiele | 54 |
4.3.3 | Vertiefung - kinetisch kontrollierte Enantioselektivität | 58 |
4.4 | Diwasserstoffkomplexe und H2-Aktivierung | 64 |
4.4.1 | Diwasserstoffkomplexe | 64 |
4.4.2 | Aktivierung von Diwasserstoff | 67 |
4.5 | Transferhydrierungen | 69 |
5 | Hydroformylierung von Olefinen und Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese | 72 |
5.1 | Cobaltkataly satoren | 72 |
5.2 | Phosphanmodifizierte Rhodiumkatalysatoren | 75 |
5.3 | Enantioselektive Hydroformylierungen | 79 |
5.4 | Bedeutung der Hydroformylierung und Ausblick | 83 |
5.5 | Die Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese | 90 |
6 | Carbonylierung von Methanol und Kohlenmonoxid-Konvertierung | 95 |
6.1 | Grundlagen | 95 |
6.2 | Das Monsanto-Verfahren | 97 |
6.3 | Synthese von Acetanhydrid | 101 |
6.4 | Der Cativa-Prozess | 102 |
6.5 | Kohlenmonoxid-Konvertierung | 106 |
7 Metathese HO | ||
7.1 | Metathese von Olefinen | 110 |
7.1.1 | Einführung | 110 |
7.1.2 | Mechanismus | 111 |
7.1.3 | Mechanismus - Vertiefung | 116 |
7.1.4 | Metathese von Cycloalkenen | 118 |
7.1.5 | Metathese von acyclischen Dienen | 121 |
7.1.6 | Enantioselektive Metathese | 122 |
7.2 | Metathese von Alkinen | 123 |
7.3 | o-Bindungsmetathese | 128 |
7.4 | Metathese von Alkanen | 130 |
8 | Oligomerisation von Olefinen | 138 |
8.1 | Die Ziegler'sche Aufbaureaktion | 138 |
8.2 | Nickeleffekt und nickelkatalysierte Dimerisation von Ethen | 140 |
8.3 | Trimerisation von Ethen | 145 |
8.4 | Der Shell Higher Olefin Process (SHOP) | 148 |
9 | Polymerisation von Olefinen | 152 |
9.1 | Einführung | 152 |
9.2 | Ethenpolymerisation | 153 |
9.2.1 | Ziegler-Katalysatoren | 153 |
9.2.2 | Mechanismus - Vertiefung | 156 |
9.2.3 | Phillips-Katalysatoren | 158 |
9.2.4 | Polymertypen und Verfahrensspezifikationen | 160 |
9.3 | Propenpolymerisation | 162 |
9.3.1 | Regio- und Stereoselektivität | 162 |
9.3.2 | Ziegler-Natta-Katalysatoren | 166 |
9.4 | Metallocenkataly satoren | 169 |
9.4.1 | Cokatalysatoren und Anioneneinfluss | 169 |
9.4.2 | C2- und (^-symmetrische Metallocenkatalysatoren | 172 |
9.4.3 | Metallocenkatalysatoren mit diastereotopen Koordinationstaschen | 177 |
9.5 | Nicht-Metallocen-Katalysatoren | 183 |
9.6 | Copolymerisation von Olefmen und CO | 191 |
10 | C-C-Verknüpfung von Dienen | 196 |
10.1 | Einführung | I96 |
10.2 | Allyl- und Butadienkomplexe | 197 |
10.2.1 | Allylkomplexe | 197 |
10.2.2 | Butadienkomplexe | 200 |
10.3 | Metallorganische Elementarschritte von Allylliganden | 203 |
10.4 | Oligo- und Telomerisation von Butadien | 207 |
10.4.1 | Cyclotrimerisation von Butadien | 208 |
10.4.2 | Cyclodimerisation von Butadien | 214 |
10.4.3 | Linearoligo- und Telomerisation von Butadien | 219 |
10.5 | Polymerisation von Butadien | 223 |
10.5.1 | Mechanismus | 223 |
10.5.2 | Allylnickel(II)-komplexkatalysierte Butadienpolymerisation | 226 |
10.5.3 | Synthese und Eigenschaften von Polybutadienen | 230 |
11 | C-C-Kupplungsreaktioneii | 234 |
11.1 | Palladiumkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen | 234 |
11.1.1 | Einführung | 234 |
11.1.2 | Mechanismus von Kreuzkupplungen | 235 |
11.1.3 | Ausgewählte Kreuzkupplungen | 238 |
11.2 | Die Heck-Reaktion | 247 |
11.3 | Palladiumkatalysierte allylische Alkylierungen | 253 |
12 | Hydrocyanierungeii, -silylierungen und -aminierungen von Olefinen | 258 |
12.1 | Einführung | 258 |
12.2 | Hydrocyanierungen | 259 |
12.2.1 | Grundlagen | 259 |
12.2.2 | Der DuPont-Adiponitril-Prozess | 261 |
12.2.3 | Ausblick | 263 |
12.3 | Hydrosilylierungen | 266 |
12.3.1 | Grundlagen | 266 |
12.3.2 | Ausblick | 271 |
12.4 | Hydroaminierungen | 275 |
12.4.1 | Grundlagen | 275 |
12.4.2 | Katalysatortypen | 277 |
13 | Oxidation von Olefinen und Alkanen | 283 |
13.1 | Der Wacker-Prozess | 283 |
13.1.1 | Einführung | 283 |
13.1.2 | Mechanismus der Ethenoxidation | 284 |
13.1.3 | Oxypalladierungen von Olefinen | 290 |
13.2 | Epoxidierungen von Olefinen | 293 |
13.2.1 | Einführung | 293 |
13.2.2 | Epoxidierung von Ethen und Propen | 295 |
13.2.3 | Enantioselektive Oxidationen von Olefinen | 300 |
13.2.4 | Monooxygenasen | 302 |
13.3 | C-H-Funktionalisierungen von Alkanen | 305 |
13.3.1 | Einführung | 305 |
13.3.2 | C-H-Aktivierungen von Alkanen | 306 |
13.3.3 | C-H-Funktionalisierungen | 310 |
14 | Stickstofffixierung | 314 |
14.1 | Grundlagen 3 \ | 4 |
14.2 | Die heterogen katalysierte Stickstofffixierung | 318 |
14.3 | Die enzymkatalysierte Stickstofffixierung | 326 |
14.4 | Die homogen katalysierte Stickstofffixierung | 333 |
14.4.1 | Stöchiometrische Reduktion von N2-Komplexen | 333 |
14.4.2 | Zur katalytischen Reduktion von Distickstoff | 337 |
14.4.3 | Zur Funktionalisierung von Distickstoff | 343 |
15 | Lösungen zu den Aufgaben | 348 |
Literatur | 388 | |
Sachverzeichnis | 420 | |
Verzeichnis der Exkurse | ||
Klassifizierung von Liganden | 27 | |
Agostische C-FF • -M-Wechselwirkungen | 29 | |
Zur Oxidationsstufe von Metallen in Olefin- und Alkinkomplexen | 30 | |
Heterolytische Fragmentierungen (Grob'sche Fragmentierungen) | 40 | |
Prostereogenität, prostereogene Seiten | 51 | |
Kombinatorische Katalyse und Hochdurchsatz-Screening | 56 | |
Das Curtin-Hammett-Prinzip | 60 | |
Der „Biss" von FVP-Chelatliganden | 85 | |
Ionische Flüssigkeiten | 87 | |
Stabile Carbene als Liganden | 115 | |
Metallorganische Pinzettenkomplexe (,,Pincer"-Komplexe) | 136 | |
Hemilabile Liganden | 148 | |
Konfiguration von Polypropen | 163 | |
Analyse der Mikrostruktur von Polypropen | 163 | |
Topische Beziehungen von Molekülfragmenten | 124 | |
Fluktuierende Moleküle | 199 | |
Sterische und elektronische Effekte von Phosphorliganden | 217 | |
Telomerisation | 220 | |
Zur Oxidationsstufe von Metallen in Komplexen | 304 | |
Sabatiers Prinzip und Bronsted-Evans-Polanyi-Beziehung | 326 | |