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Autoren:
Verlag:
UTB Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
Vorwort | 7 | |
1 | Einleitung | 10 |
2 | Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung | 13 |
2.1 | Ereignisse | 13 |
2.2 | Laplace-Experimente | 16 |
2.2.1 | Wahrscheinlichkeit | 16 |
2.2.2 | Bedingte Wahrscheinlichkeit | 19 |
2.2.3 | Multiplikationssatz | 22 |
2.2.4 | Satz von Bayes | 23 |
2.2.5 | Additionssatz | 27 |
2.2.6 Anwendung der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung | ||
in der Genetik | 29 | |
2.2.7 | Kombinatorik | 32 |
2.3 | Empirische Wahrscheinlichkeit | 34 |
3 | Diskrete Zufallsvariablen | 36 |
3.1 | Wahrscheinlichkeits- und Verteilungsfunktion | 37 |
3.2 | Erwartungswert | 40 |
3.3 | Varianz | 43 |
3.4 | Bernoulli-Experimente | 45 |
3.4.1 | Einleitung | 45 |
3.4.2 | Binomialverteilung | 45 |
3.4.3 | Einseitiger Binomialtest | 51 |
4 | Stetige Zufallsvariablen | 55 |
4.1 | Vom Histogramm zur Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte | 55 |
4.1.1 | Häufigkeitsverteilungen und Histogramme | 55 |
4.1.2 | Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte- und Verteilungsfunktion | 60 |
4.2 | Charakterisierung einer normalverteilten Zufallsvariablen | 66 |
4.2.1 | Die Normalverteilung | 66 |
4.2.2 | Statistische Sicherheit und t-Faktor | 8 |
4.2.3 | Konfidenzschätzung für den Erwartungswert | 70 |
4.2.4 | Zweiseitiger Parametertest für den Erwartungswert | 74 |
4.2.5 | Das Prinzip und potenzielle Fehler statistischer Tests | 81 |
4.2.6 | Einseitiger Parametertest für den Erwartungswert | 84 |
4.3 | Vergleich zweier Stichproben | 87 |
4.3.1 | Variationskoeffizient | 87 |
4.3.2 | Zweiseitiger F-Test für die Varianz | 89 |
4.3.3 | Zweiseitiger t-Test für den Erwartungswert | 91 |
4.4 | Vergleich von mehr als zwei Stichproben | 94 |
4.4.1 | Einfaktorielle Varianzanalyse | 94 |
4.4.2 | Multipler Mittelwertvergleich | 99 |
4.5 | Anpassungs- bzw. Verteilungstest (Chi-Quadrat-Test) | 100 |
4.6 | Zusammenfassung: Durchführung eines statistischen Tests | 108 |
5 | Korrelations- und Regressionsanalyse | 110 |
5.1 | Korrelation | 110 |
5.2 | Lineare Regression | 115 |
5.3 | Nichtlineare Regression | 118 |
Anhang | 121 | |
A Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung | 121 | |
B Verteilungsfunktionen | 124 | |
C Berechnung von Quantilen in Excel | 127 | |
D Quantil-Tabellen | 128 | |
E Statistische Tests für stetige Zufallsvariablen | 133 | |
F Korrelations- und Regressionsanalyse | 134 | |
G Lösung der Aufgaben | 136 | |
Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis | 145 | |
Bildquellen | 14 | |
Sachregister | 147 | |
Additionssatz 27,29
Allel 22, 29
Alternativhypothese 108
bei der einfaktoriellen Varianz- analyse 95
beim Binomialtest 51, 54
beim Chi-Quadrat-Test 103
beim F-Test 89, 98
beim Parametertest für den Erwartungswert 75, 82, 84, 86
beimt-Test 92
Anlageträger 30
Annahmeintervall 80, 85, 93, 109
Ausgleichsgerade 110
Bernoulli-Experiment 45
Bernoulli-Kette 45
Bestimmtheitsmaß 113
Binomialtest 51
Binomialverteilung 48
Chi-Quadrat-Test 100
Chi-Quadrat-Verteilung 107
Dreiecksverteilung 37
Drillmaschine 101
Einzelkornsämaschine 74, 87
Elementarereignis 13, 16, 28, 32
Erbgang, autosomal-rezessiv 22, 29
Ereignis 14, 16, 121
komplementäres 15
sicheres 14,17
stochastisch unabhängige 22
unmögliches 14, 17
zusammengesetztes 14
Ereignisbaum 45
Ergebnismenge 13
Erwartungswert 41, 55, 67, 72, 74, 84,
91, 95, 99,133
Excel-Funktion
BINOM.VERT 50, 53, 54
BINOMVERT 50
CHIINV 127
CHIQU.INV 107, 127
EXPON.VERT 104
EXPONVERT 104
F.INV 91,127
FINV 127
KONFIDENZ 74
KONFIDENZ.NORM 74
NORM.INV 127
NORMINV 127
T.INV 81, 85, 86, 94,127
TINV 73,127
T.INV.2S 73
Exponentialverteilung 102
Extrapolation 117
Faktor 95, 99
Faktorstufe 95, 99
Faktorstufenmittelwert 95, 99
Fehler 1. Art 53, 83, 108
Fehler 2. Art 53, 83, 108
Freiheitsgrad 79, 89, 93, 97, 107
F-Test 89, 98, 109
F-Verteilung 89, 100
Gaußsche Methode der kleinsten
Quadrate 116
Genetik 22, 29
Genotyp 22, 29
Gesetz der großen Zahlen 35
Gleichverteilung 37
Grenzdifferenz 99
Grundgesamtheit 11,42,55,71,89, 92, 98
Hardy-Weinberg-Gleichgewicht 30
Häufigkeit
absolute 34, 56
relative 34, 42, 59
Häufigkeitsverteilung 56
Histogramm 57, 102, 104
Interpolation 117
Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit 53, 75, 80, 83, 85, 90, 93, 100,108
Keimversuch 54
Kombination 32
Kombinatorik 32
Konfidenzintervall 72
Konfidenzniveau 73
Korrelation 114
Korrelationsanalyse 110, 134
Korrelationskoeffizient 112,113
Kovarianz 112
Kreuzungsexperiment 30
Laplace-Experiment 16, 121
Median 63, 90, 127
Mengendiagramm 14,17,18, 28,121
Merkmal 11,22,29,95,99
Merkmalswert 95, 100
Mittelwert 66
empirischer 69, 70, 75, 88, 92, 102
Mittelwertvergleich 99
Modalwert 42
Modus 42, 90
Multiplikationssatz 22, 29, 46,123
Normalverteilung 66, 68
Normierungsbedingung 38, 49, 61
N-Steigerungsversuch 110, 118
Nullhypothese 82, 83, 108
bei der einfaktoriellen Varianzanalyse 95
beim Binomialtest 51
beim Chi-Quadrat-Test 103
beim F-Test 89, 98
beim Parametertest für den Erwartungs- wert 75, 84, 86
beimt-Test 92
Parametertest für den Erwartungswert 74, 81, 84,109
linksseitiger 86
rechtsseitiger 85
Parzellenversuch 94
Perzentil 63,126
Prüfwert 83,108
beim Chi-Quadrat-Test 106
beim F-Test 90, 98
beim Parametertest für den Erwartungs- wert 80, 82, 85
beimt-Test 93
Quantil 63, 82, 108,127,133
der Chi-Quadrat-Verteilung 107,129
der F-Verteilung 91, 98,100
der Standardnormalverteilung 126
der t-Verteilung 80, 85, 93, 128
Quartil
oberes 63,127
unteres 63, 126, 127
Regression lineare 115
nichtlineare 118
Regressionsanalyse 110,134
Regressionsfunktion 118
Regressionsgerade 110, 115
Satz von Bayes 24, 31
Scheffe-Test 99,100
Sensitivität 21, 25, 26, 122
Spezifität 21, 25, 26,122
Standardabweichung 44, 66, 89, 92
der Einzelwerte 70
des Mittelwertes 71
empirische 69, 79, 88, 93
Standardnormalverteilung 67, 78, 124
statistische Sicherheit 61, 68, 72, 75
Stichprobe 11,42,55
geordnete 32
unbalancierte 99
ungeordnete 32
Stochastik 7
Streudiagramm 110, 134
Streuung 96
faktorbedingte 96
zufallsbedingte 97
Studentscher Faktor 69
t-Faktor 69, 72, 73
Trend 135
t-Test 91, 109,133
t-Verteilung 79
Varianz 44, 89, 92,133
empirische 97,111
faktorbedingte 98
zufallsbedingte 98, 100
Varianzanalyse
einfaktorielle 94, 99,109
Variation 32
Variationskoeffizient 88
Venn-Diagramm 14
Verteilungsfunktion 38, 65, 76,103, 108, 123, 124
der Binomialverteilung 50, 54
der Chi-Quadrat-Verteilung 107
der Exponentialverteilung 102
der F-Verteilung 89
der Standardnormalverteilung 124
der t-Verteilung 80
Verteilungstest 100
Vertrauensbereich 72
Vierfeldertafel 26
Vorhersagewert positiver 23, 27
Wahrscheinlichkeit 16, 34, 60,121
bedingte 19, 31,122
empirische 34
Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichtefunktion der Chi-Quadrat-Verteilung 107
der Exponentialverteilung 102
der F-Verteilung 89
der Normalverteilung 60
der t-Verteilung 79
Wahrscheinlichkeitsfunktion 37
der Binomialverteilung 48
Zentraler Grenzwertsatz 67
Z-Transformation 78
Zufallsexperiment 13, 45
Zufallsvariable 11,13
binomialverteilte 51, 54
Chi-Quadrat-verteilte 106
diskrete 36
exponentialverteilte 102
F-verteilte 98
normalverteilte 67, 74, 92
standardnormalverteilte 92
stetige 36,124,133
stochastisch unabhängige 67
t-verteilte 80, 82, 93