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Autoren:
Verlag:
Springer-Verlag Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
1 Einleitung......................................... | ||
2 Der Kristallzustand.................................. | ||
2.1 Übungsaufgaben................................. | ||
3 Das Raumgitter und seine Eigenschaften................... | ||
3.1 Gittergerade.................................... | ||
3.2 Gitterebene .................................... | ||
3.3 Raumgitter..................................... | ||
3.4 Bezeichnung von Punkten, Geraden und Ebenen im Raumgitter | ||
3.4.1 Gitterpunkt uvw............................ | ||
3.4.2 Gittergerade [uvw] .......................... | ||
3.4.3 Gitterebene (Netzebene) (hkl)................... | ||
3.5 Zonengleichung................................. | ||
3.5.1 Anwendungen der Zonengleichung............... | ||
3.6 Übungsaufgaben................................. | ||
4 Die Kristallstruktur.................................. | ||
4.1 Übungsaufgaben................................. | ||
5 Die Morphologie.................................... | ||
5.1 Korrespondenz von Kristallstruktur und Morphologie....... | ||
5.2 Grundbegriffe der Morphologie ...................... | ||
5.3 Wachsen der Kristalle............................. | ||
5.4 Stereographische Projektion......................... | ||
5.5 Reflexionsgoniometer............................. | ||
5.6 Wulff sches Netz................................. | ||
5.7 Indizierung eines Kristalls.......................... | ||
5.8 Gnomonische und orthographische Projektion............ | ||
5.8.1 Gnomonische Projektion...................... | ||
5.8.2 Orthographische Projektion.................... | ||
5.9 Übungsaufgaben................................. | ||
6 | Das Symmetrieprinzip | 65 |
6.1 | Drehachsen | 67 |
6.2 | Spiegelebene | 71 |
6.3 | Inversionszentrum | 72 |
6.4 | Koppelung von Symmetrieoperationen | 73 |
6.4.1 | Drehinversionsachsen | 75 |
6.4.2 | Drehspiegelachsen | 76 |
6.5 | Übungsaufgaben | 78 |
7 | Die 14 Translations-(Bravais-)gitter | 81 |
7.1 | Primitive Translationsgitter (P-Gitter) | 85 |
7.2 | Symmetrie der primitiven Translationsgitter | 98 |
7.2.1 | Symmetrie des triklinen P-Gitters | 100 |
7.2.2 | Symmetrie des monoklinen P-Gitters | 100 |
7.2.3 | Symmetrie des orthorhombischen P-Gitters | 102 |
7.2.4 | Symmetrie des tetragonalen P-Gitters | 104 |
7.2.5 | Symmetrie des hexagonalen P-Gitters | 106 |
7.2.6 | Symmetrie des kubischen P-Gitters | 108 |
7.3 | Zentrierte Translationsgitter | 108 |
7.4 | Symmetrie der zentrierten Translationsgitter | 114 |
7.5 | Übungsaufgaben | 115 |
8 | Die 7 Kristallsysteme | 125 |
9 | Die Punktgruppen | 129 |
9.1 | Die 32 kristallographischen Punktgruppen | 129 |
9.2 | Kristallsymmetrie | 133 |
9.2.1 | Kristallformen des tetragonalen Kristallsystems | 144 |
9.2.2 | Kristallformen des hexagonalen (trigonalen) Kristallsystems | 153 |
9.2.3 | Kristallformen des kubischen Kristallsystems | 162 |
9.2.4 Kristallformen des orthorhombischen, | ||
monoklinen und triklinen Kristallsystems | 162 | |
9.3 | Molekülsymmetrie | 163 |
9.4 | Punktgruppenbestimmung | 166 |
9.5 | Enantiomorphie | 171 |
9.6 | Punktgruppen und physikalische Eigenschaften | 171 |
9.6.1 | Optische Aktivität | 171 |
9.6.2 | Piezoelektrizität | 172 |
9.6.3 | Pyroelektrizität | 173 |
9.6.4 | Das Dipolmoment der Moleküle | 174 |
9.7 | Nichtkristallographische Punktgruppen | 174 |
9.8 | Übungsaufgaben | 178 |
10 | Die Raumgruppen | 201 |
10.1 | Gleitspiegelung und Schraubung | 201 |
10.1.1 | Gleitspiegelebenen | 202 |
10.1.2 | Schraubenachsen | 205 |
10.2 | Die 17 Ebenengruppen | 209 |
10.3 | Die 230 Raumgruppen | 213 |
10.4 | Eigenschaften der Raumgruppen | 218 |
10.5 | International Tables for Crystallography | 226 |
10.6 | Achsentransformationen | 232 |
10.7 | Raumgruppen und Kristallstruktur | 235 |
10.8 | Beziehungen zwischen Punkt- und Raumgruppen | 236 |
10.9 | Übungsaufgaben | 239 |
11 | Symmetriegruppen | 249 |
11.1 | Symmetrieoperationen in Matrizendarstellung | 249 |
11.2 | Eigenschaften einer Gruppe | 264 |
11.3 | Ableitung einiger Punktgruppen | 267 |
11.4 | Gruppentafeln | 270 |
11.5 | Gruppen - Untergruppen - Obergruppen | 272 |
11.5.1 | Gruppe-Untergruppe-Beziehungen | 272 |
11.5.2 | Gruppe-Obergruppe-Beziehungen | 284 |
11.5.3 | Strukturverwandtschaften | 286 |
11.5.4 | Beschreibung von displaziven Phasenübergängen | 290 |
11.6 | Übungsaufgaben | 292 |
12 | Grundbegriffe der Kristallchemie | 297 |
12.1 | Koordination | 298 |
12.2 | Metallstrukturen | 300 |
12.3 | Edelgas-und Molekülstrukturen | 304 |
12.4 | Ionenstrukturen | 305 |
12.4.1 | Ionenradien | 306 |
12.4.2 | Oktaederkoordination [6] | 309 |
12.4.3 | Hexaederkoordination [8] | 311 |
12.4.4 | Tetraederkoordination [4] | 313 |
12.5 | Kovalente Strukturen | 316 |
12.6 | Isotypie - Mischkristalle - Isomorphic | 316 |
12.7 | Polymorphie | 319 |
12.7.1 | Transformationen in 1. Koordination | 319 |
12.7.2 | Transformationen in 2. Koordination | 321 |
12.7.3 | Transformationen durch Ordnung-Unordnung | 322 |
12.7.4 | Transformationen durch Änderung des Bindungscharakters | 324 |
12.8 | Informationen über Kristallstrukturen | 324 |
12.9 | Übungsaufgaben | 325 |
13 | Röntgenographische Untersuchungen an Kristallen | 329 |
13.1 | Braggsche Gleichung | 329 |
13.2 | Debye-Scherrer-Verfahren | 330 |
13.3 | Reziprokes Gitter | 336 |
13.4 | Laue-Gruppen | 340 |
13.5 | Bestimmung einer Kristallstruktur | 342 |
13.6 | Übungsaufgaben | 346 |
14 | Kristallbaufehler | 347 |
14.1 | Punktdefekte | 348 |
14.2 | Liniendefekte | 349 |
14.3 | Flächendefekte | 351 |
15 | Anhang | 355 |
15.1 | Kristallographische Symbole | 355 |
15.2 | Symmetrieelemente | 356 |
15.3 Berechnung von Atomabständen und Winkeln | ||
in einer Kristallstruktur | 359 | |
15.4 | Kristallformen | 360 |
15.5 | Polyeder-Modellnetze | 363 |
16 | Lösungen der Übungsaufgaben | 375 |
Literaturverzeichnis | 405 | |
Sachverzeichnis | 409 | |
Ausschlagtafel (Wulffsches Netz) | 415 | |