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| Abbreviations | 13 | |
| Symbols Employed in Text Transcriptions | 17 | |
| Dead Sea Scrolls | 17 | |
| Ben Sira (Hebrew) | 17 | |
| Chapter One. Introduction | 19 | |
| Sin, Religious Thought, and the State of Research | 19 | |
| The Source of Sin | 25 | |
| Identity | 26 | |
| Determinism and Free Will | 26 | |
| Definition of Sin | 26 | |
| Rationale and Method of the Present Study | 27 | |
| Texts Included in This Study | 28 | |
| Terminology | 28 | |
| "Sectarian" and "Non-Sectarian" Texts | 29 | |
| Determinism, "Fate," and the Qumran Community | 30 | |
| Authors and Audiences | 30 | |
| Angels and Demons | 30 | |
| The Plan of the Present Study | 31 | |
| Theoretical Concerns | 31 | |
| The Qumran Community | 31 | |
| Reading Gender in Second Temple Works | 32 | |
| Textual Editions and Translations Used | 33 | |
| Part I: The Human Inclination to Sin | 35 | |
| Chapter Two. Nonsectarian Second Temple Prayer and the Inclination to | ||
| Sin | 37 | |
| Desire to Sin .............................................. | ||
| 4QBarkhi Nafshi: Direct Intervention in the Human Condition | ||
| 42 | ||
| The Words of the Luminaries: Divine Assistance | 49 | |
| 4 | QCommunal Confession: God's Responsibility for Sin | 52 |
| Psalms of Solomon: Prayer and the Need for Divine Assistance | 54 | |
| The Road Not Travelled: Prayers without an Inclination to Sin | 55 | |
| Conclusion: Innate Inclination to Sin and Inevitability in Nonsectarian | ||
| Prayer | 57 | |
| Chapter Three. Inclination, Physicality, and Election in Sectarian Prayer | 59 | |
| The Hodayot: The Physical Dimension of Sin | 59 | |
| The "Hymn of Praise": Ongoing Sin and Chosenness | 68 | |
| Sectarian Prayer: Hodayot and the Community Rule Hymn | 71 | |
| Conclusion: Second Temple Prayer and the Innate Inclination to Sin | 72 | |
| Chapter Four. Free Will and the Inclination to Sin in Covenantal Texts | 74 | |
| The Damascus Document (CD) II.14-III.12a: Freedom of Choice and | ||
| the Inclination to Sin | 74 | |
| CD II.14-III.12a: A History of Sinners | 75 | |
| Terminology of Sin and Choice in CD III.2-12a | 78 | |
| Freedom in the Context of Predestination | 82 | |
| The Community Rule: A "Free Choice" Redaction | 84 | |
| The Inclination to Sin in Covenantal Texts | 91 | |
| Chapter Five. The Inclination to Sin in the Book of Ben Sira and the | ||
| Writings of Philo of Alexandria | 93 | |
| The Book of Ben Sira: Textual History | 94 | |
| Ben Sira 15:11-20 | 95 | |
| The Medieval Gloss in Sir 15:14: Rewriting of a Theological | ||
| Argument | 99 | |
| The Meaning of yeser in the Book of Ben Sira | 100 | |
| The Choice between Good and Evil in Sir 15:11-20 | 103 | |
| Sir 33:7-15: Election and the Evildoer | 106 | |
| Other References to the Source of Sin in the Book of Ben Sira | 113 | |
| Sir 25:24: Original Sin or a Wicked Wife? | 113 | |
| Sir 17:31: Pondering Evil | 115 | |
| Sir 21:11: Controlling One's Inclination | 116 | |
| Sir 23:2-6: Prayer and Sin | 117 | |
| Ben Sira's Approach to Sin | 118 | |
| Philo of Alexandria and the Inclination to Sin | 119 | |
| Chapter Six. After the Destruction: 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch | 128 | |
| 4 | Ezra | 128 |
| Inevitable Sinfulness in 4 Ezra | 133 | |
| The Angel and 4 Maccabees | 134 | |
| 2 | Baruch and 4 Ezra | 137 |
| Adam's Sin in 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch | 138 | |
| Conclusion: the Choice to Sin in 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch | 141 | |
| Excursus: Inclination to Sin and the Gentile | 144 | |
| Part II: Demonic Influence | 147 | |
| Chapter Seven. Demonic Sin and 1 Enoch | 149 | |
| Genres and Provenance of "Demonic" Texts | 150 | |
| The Watchers Myth and 1 Enoch | 151 | |
| The Watchers in 1 Enoch: The Book of the Watchers (Chapters 1-36) | 154 | |
| 1 | Enoch 6-11 | 155 |
| The Role of Sin in the Three Traditions of 1 Enoch 6-11 | 158 | |
| The Watchers Myth in 1 Enoch 12-16 | 160 | |
| Forbidden Knowledge in 1 Enoch | 163 | |
| 1 | Enoch 19:1-2: Worship of Demons | 166 |
| Summary: Watchers in 1 Enoch | 167 | |
| Chapter Eight. Jubilees and Demonic Sin | 169 | |
| The Book of Jubilees: Textual Background | 169 | |
| The Watchers in Jubilees 4 and 5: Reflection of Genesis 6 and 1 Enoch | ||
| 10 | -11 | 170 |
| Jub. 7: Watchers, the Law, and Human Freedom | 173 | |
| Jub. 10:1-6: Prayer and Human Helplessness | 176 | |
| Mastema: Bringing Demons into the Fold | 179 | |
| Mastema and his Role in the Book of Jubilees | 182 | |
| Summary: Mastema in Jubilees | 186 | |
| Mastema in the Damascus Document | 186 | |
| Belial and the Nations: A Complex View of Sin | 187 | |
| Abram's Prayer: A Complex Demonic Reference in Jub. 1 | 13 | |
| Summary and Conclusion: Jubilees and the Demonic Source of Sin | 195 | |
| Chapter Nine. Apotropaic Prayer and Views of Demonic Influence | 198 | |
| The Watchers in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Sectarian Apotropaic Prayer | 198 | |
| The Watchers and Other Demons of Influence in Sectarian Apotropaic | ||
| Prayer | 199 | |
| Songs of the Sage (4Q510-511) | 201 | |
| 4 | QIncantation (4Q444) | 204 |
| 11 | Qapocryphal Psalms (11Q11) | 206 |
| The Plea for Deliverance and Levi's Prayer in the Aramaic Levi | ||
| Document | 207 | |
| The Plea for Deliverance | 208 | |
| Levi's Prayer in the Aramaic Levi Document | 210 | |
| The Rule of Demons in the Plea and Levi's Prayer | 213 | |
| Comparison of Sectarian and Nonsectarian Apotropaic Prayers | 215 | |
| Chapter Ten. Belial in the Damascus Document and the War Scroll | 218 | |
| Belial in the Damascus Document | 220 | |
| "Angels of Hostility" and Belial in the Apocryphon of Jeremiah | 229 | |
| Summary: Belial in the Damascus Document and the Apocryphon of | ||
| Jeremiah | 231 | |
| Belial in the War Scroll | 232 | |
| Conclusion: Belial in the Damascus Document and the War Scroll | 237 | |
| Chapter Eleven. Belial in Liturgical Curse Texts and the Community Rule | 239 | |
| 4 | QBerakhot: Periodization of Demonic Evil and Evildoers | 239 |
| Belial in the Community Rule: Demonic Presence and Absence in a | ||
| Covenantal Text | 240 | |
| 4 | QCurses (4Q280): An Integrative Approach | 248 |
| 4 | QFlorilegium: A pesher View of Belial | 251 |
| Conclusion: Belial in the Dead Sea Scrolls | 253 | |
| Chapter Twelve. Sin and Its Source in the Treatise of the Two Spirits | 257 | |
| 1 | QS 111.13—18a: Introduction to the Treatise | 258 |
| 1 | QS III.18b-25a: A Central (Secondary?) Crux | 258 |
| The Visions ofAmram | 262 | |
| 1 | QS III.25b-IV.14: The Spirits of Light and Darkness | 264 |
| 1 | QS IV. 15-23: Predestination and the Eschaton | 266 |
| 1 | QS IV.23-26: The Two Spirits and Predestination | 268 |
| The Redacted Treatise | 269 | |
| Sources of the Treatise | 271 | |
| Connection to Wisdom Thought | 273 | |
| Conclusion: "Purpose" of the Treatise | 274 | |
| Chapter Thirteen. Summary and Conclusions | 275 | |
| Genre, Free Will, and the Source of Sin | 275 | |
| Prayer | 275 | |
| Covenantal Texts | 277 | |
| Wisdom and Philosophical Literature | 278 | |
| Demonic Influence and the Periodization of Evil | 278 | |
| Identity | 279 | |
| The Law versus Sin | 280 | |
| Gentiles and Sin | 281 | |
| The Treatise of the Two Spirits and Views of Sin at Qumran | 281 | |
| Adam and "Original Sin" | 281 | |
| Implications for Post-Second Temple Thought | 282 | |
| Bibliography | 284 | |
| Modern Authors Index | 307 | |
| Source Index | 3 | |
| Subject Index | 329 | |
