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| 1 | Generator Classification | 1 |
| 1.1 | Classification According to the Employed Fuel | 1 |
| 1.2 | Classification Based on Heat Transfer | 4 |
| 1.3 | Classification According to Circulation | 5 |
| 1.4 | Classification According to Water Content | 9 |
| 1.5 | Classification According to Furnace Pressure | 10 |
| 2 | Water-Tube Generators | 13 |
| 2.1 | Convection Generators | 13 |
| 2.2 | Radiation Generators | 17 |
| 2.3 | Waste-Heat Generators | 25 |
| 3 | Components of Water-TYibe Generators | 29 |
| 3.1 | Furnace | 29 |
| 3.2 | Radiated Tube Wall | 33 |
| 3.3 | Drum | 41 |
| 3.4 | Steam-Generating Tube Bank | 47 |
| 3.5 | Tube Bending | 51 |
| 3.6 | Tube Expanding | 56 |
| 3.7 | Superheater and Reheater | 61 |
| 3.8 | Economizer | 70 |
| 3.9 | Air Heater | 75 |
| 3.10 | The Danger of Tube Bursting | 79 |
| 3.11 | Boiler Settings | 81 |
| 4 | Smoke-Tlibe Boilers | 87 |
| 4.1 | Construction Characteristics | 87 |
| 4.2 | Running Characteristics | 94 |
| 4.3 | Rationalization Criteria for Construction | 97 |
| 5 | Diathermic Fluid Boilers | 103 |
| 5.1 | Employed Fluids | 103 |
| 5.2 | Constructive and Functional Characteristics | 104 |
| 5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages in Comparison with Water-Tube | ||
| Boilers | 108 | |
| 6 Fuels .........................................................Ill | ||
| 6.1 Solid Fuels...............................................Ill | ||
| 6.2 | Liquid Fuels | 116 |
| 6.3 | Gaseous Fuels | 124 |
| 7 | Combustion | 129 |
| 7.1 | Burners | 129 |
| 7.2 | Flame Characteristics | 137 |
| 7.3 | Grates | 143 |
| 7.4 | Combustion Chemistry | 145 |
| 7.5 | Combustion Air | 147 |
| 7.6 | Flue Gas | 151 |
| 7.7 | |C02| and Unburned CO | 157 |
| 7.8 | Test of the Air Index During Runtime | 162 |
| 7.9 | Physical Characteristics of Air and Flue Gas | 171 |
| 7.9.1 | Density | 171 |
| 7.9.2 | Specific Isobaric Heat | 172 |
| 7.9.3 | Enthalpy | 177 |
| 7.9.4 | Thermal Conductivity | 179 |
| 7.9.5 | Dynamic Viscosity | 183 |
| 8 | Heat Transfer | 187 |
| 8.1 | General Considerations | 187 |
| 8.2 | Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient | 188 |
| 8.3 | Mean Logarithmic Temperature Difference | 194 |
| 8.4 Heat Transfer in the Furnace of Water-Tube Generators | ||
| and Diathermic Fluid Boilers | 198 | |
| 8.5 | Heat Transfer Coefficient of Water and Steam | 217 |
| 8.6 Heat Transfer Coefficient of Flue Gas and Air Inside the Tubes----225 | ||
| 8.7 | Heat Transfer in the Flue of the Smoke-Tube Boilers | 228 |
| 8.8 | Heat-Transfer Coefficient of Flue Gas and Air Hitting a Tube Bank | 235 |
| 8.9 | Heat Radiation from Flue Gas | 241 |
| 8.10 | Heat Transfer Coefficient of Diathermic Fluids | 250 |
| 8.11 | Heat Transfer in Economizers and Air Heaters | 252 |
| 8.12 | Exit Gas Temperature from a Tube Bank or a Heat Regenerator | 255 |
| 8.13 Comparison Between Arrangement with Inline | ||
| and Staggered Tubes | 263 | |
| 8.14 | Tube Distribution in the Passages of the Smoke-Tube Boiler | 265 |
| 9 | Generator Efficiency | 269 |
| 9.1 | Efficiency Definition | 269 |
| 9.2 | Heat Loss by Unburned Fuel | 276 |
| 9.3 | Heat Loss by Unburned Carbon Monoxide | 277 |
| 9.4 | Loss by Sensible Heat of the Flue Gas | 281 |
| 9.5 | Heat Loss by External Radiation | 284 |
| 9.6 | Miscellaneous Heat Losses | 286 |
| 9.7 | Generator Efficiency Test | 287 |
| 10 | Fluid Dynamics | 291 |
| 10.1 | Distributed Pressure Drops in Tubes and in Ducts | 291 |
| 10.2 | Concentrated Pressure Drops | 307 |
| 10.3 | Pressure Drop Through the Tube Banks | 314 |
| 10.4 | Pressure Drop in Special Equipments | 319 |
| 10.5 | Pumps, Fans, and Chimneys | 320 |
| 10.6 | Natural Circulation | 328 |
| 11 | Optimization Criteria | 351 |
| 11.1 | General Information on Optimization of Convection Generators | 351 |
| 11.2 | External Boiler Optimization | 352 |
| 11.3 | External Optimization of Air Heaters | 360 |
| 11.4 Optimal Distribution of the Surfaces of the Boiler Tube Bank and | ||
| of the Heat Regenerator | 369 | |
| 11.5 | Optimized Sizing of the Waste-Heat Generator | 374 |
| 12 | Computation Examples | 383 |
| 12.1 | General Considerations | 383 |
| 12.2 | Water-Tube Generator | 383 |
| 12.3 | Smoke-Tube Generator | 388 |
| 12.4 | Waste-Heat Generator | 391 |
| 12.5 | Air Heater | 396 |
| 12.6 | Natural Circulation | 398 |
| Appendix | 401 | |
| A. 1 Accurate Calculation of the Heat Exchange | ||
| in the Steam-Generating Tube Bank | 401 | |
| A.2 Accurate Calculation of the Heat Exchange in both Superheaters | ||
| and Economizers | 404 | |
| A. 3 Accurate Calculation of the Heat Exchange in the Air Heater | 406 | |
| A.4 Finned Tubes | 410 | |
| Bibliography | 419 | |
| Index | 423 | |
Absorption band, 242
Additive, 69, 103
Adiabatic temperature, 198
Air
air drill, 61
air index, 163, 171, 199, 211, 227, 276, 279,
286, 360
air register, 131
combustion air, 17, 30, 75, 167, 209, 227,
269, 281, 286
compressed air, 28
pushed air, 144
swirl, 131, 138, 141
theoretic air (stoichiometric air), 148, 151, 163, 278, 288
Anchorage, 24
Angle iron, 89
Antifoaming, 103
Antioxidant, 103
Ash, 2, 111, 117, 205,287
Asphaltene, 117
Atomizing, 1, 129
Attemperator, 19, 65, 270
Automatic regulation, 321
Back-flow chamber, 388-389, 397
Baffle plate, 13
Balanced draught, 292
Blackbody, 200, 242
Black level, 242, 284
Blade, 12, 43, 131, 140, 322
Bomb calorimeter, 287
Boundary layer, 41, 72, 78, 118, 253, 360, 396
Branch, 335-342, 344-346
Bubble, 37, 217
Buckling, 89
Bulk temperature, 219, 226, 251, 252
Burner box, 269,319
Burst, Bursting, 2, 8-9, 31, 38, 44, 63, 79,
81,83
Butt welding, 89
Bypass, 367
Cast iron, 26, 47, 71-74, 143, 383, 384-387
Catalytic effect, 118
Cavity, 244-245, 247, 249, 383-385
Channel, 235
Chemical elements and compound benzol, 120
calcium oxide, 120
calcium sulfate, 113, 120
carbon, 112, 148
carbonate, 80
carbon dioxide, 46, 146, 163, 172-173, 200, 242, 278
carbon monoxide, 94, 118, 157, 163,
270-278
chrome, 143
clorobenzene, 103-104
diphenyl, 103
diphenyl oxide, 103
dolomite, 120
ethylene glycol, 103-104
ferric oxide, 118
heptane, 120
hydrogen, 115, 148
iron sulfide, 113
marcasite, 113
nickel, 143
nitrogen, 106, 146, 158, 167, 173, 278
oxygen, 151, 167, 172
pearlitic iron, 143
phenol, 103
pyrite, 113
