2 see sums
X2 see chi-squared test x see mean, arithmetic
acquiescence responses 67, 79
alternative hypothesis 190, 211
Analysis of Variance see ANOVA
ANOVA, one way/single factor 210-13
two way 213-17
in regression 180,184
artefacts 42
association, between variables 166,
173, 189, 206
Atkins, B.,
women's language (with O'Barr, W.) attitudes (measuring) 22, 29, 60, 64-77, 238
bar chart 105-7, 199
between-subject designs 42-3
briefing and debriefing, of participants see ethics
case 18
causality 23-4, 154, 166, 171,
189-92, 203
central tendency, measures of 120-8, 131
Chambers, J. K., Glasgow 151-2
chi-squared test 156-60, 206-9, 226, 257
Clark, E., vocabulary acquisition 156, 207
class width 100
coding 76-80
collinearity 166
complementation rule 152 see also
probability concept 20-1
confidence see significance consent, participant 52 see also
ethics contingency tables 157
control group 41
correlation coefficient, Kendall's tau 225-6
partial 167-71, 184-6
Pearson 161-4, 167
Spearman 221-5
data,
categorical 25, 128, 156, 160, 206
continuous 27
discrete 27
interval 26
ordinal 26
parametric see normal distribution ratio 26
deduction 11, 13
definitions 20
degrees of freedom, in chi-squared test 159-60
in independent t-test 198
in Pearson correlation 165
dependent t-test see t-test dependent variable 22-3
design, research, cohort 38-40
cross-sectional 36-7
experimental 41-4
longitudinal 38-40
panel 38-40
pseudo-longitudinal designs 40-1
quasi-experimental 41-4
real-time and apparent-time 40-1
dispersion, measures of 132-8
double-barrelled questions 68
Doughty, C., classroom participation patterns (with T. Pica) 213-17
Edwards, V., Black English 208-9
error, type I 173
type II 173
error bars 199-200
ethics 51-5
event,
compound, in probability
theory 152
simple, in probability theory 150-1
experimental group 41
experiments,
La Place 150 see also probability quasi-experiments 41-4
Extra, G. et al., Language use in The Hague 182,269
Fairclough, N, language and
power 14-15
falsifiability 30
filtering, of data 83
forecasts and predictions 174-9
see also regression frequency, absolute 95-6, 98
cumulative 102
observed and expected see chi-
squared test relative 96, 98
frequency distribution 139
F-test 193-4
gatekeeper 52
Gaussian distribution 139 see also
normal distribution Giles, H. et al., ethnolinguistic
vitality 21, 65
Golinkoff, R.,
verb acquisition (with Hirsh- Pasek, K.) Ill graphs and charts, bar 105-7
curvilinear 221
line 110-11
pie 108
scatter 114-15, 162-4
H0 see null hypothesis
Ha or H1 see alternative hypothesis
Hirsh-Pasek, K.,
verb acquisition (with Golinkoff, R.) Ill hypothesis 11-12, 30-3, 190
hypothesis testing see t-test; chi-squared
test; ANOVA; MANOVA
independent t-test see t-test independent variable 22-3
induction 11-12
intercept, of trendline 176-7
intersection of events 152 see also probability
Johnson and Newport, age of onset 161, 166, 241
Keim, I. Guest Worker German 226-7
Kendall's tau 225-6
Kurtosis 220
Labov, W., social stratification 36, 40,
52, 93-7, 105, 206
Lakoff, R., women s speech 47
LaPiere, Richard, ethnicity in the US 60
latent variable 23-4, 30, 166, 203
law 32
layout, of questionnaire 74-5
level of measurement 25-7
Li, X., contextualisation cues 41-3
Likert scales 26, 66 , 74, 79
line, regression 174-8
Mann-Whitney U test 230-2
MANOVA 237-40
maximum 133
mean,
arithmetic 120-3, 131
population 144
trimmed arithmetic 124-5
mean squared deviation from the
mean see variance measurement 18-19, 31
median 125-8, 131
meta-analysis 240-8
Milroy, L. Social Networks 51
minimum 133
mode 128-9, 131
multiple item questions 63-5
multivariate analysis of
variance see MANOVA
N, sample size (in calculations) 121,145
normal distribution 139-43, 220
null hypothesis 190
O'Barr, W., women's language (with B.Atkins) 116
Observer's Paradox 52
operationalization 21-2, 28
p see significance P, probability of event 150
panel designs 38-40
partial correlation see correlation percentage 96, 98
percentage points 97
percentiles 129-31
Pica, T.,
classroom participation patterns (with Doughty, C.) 213-17
piloting 72-4
population 44-6, 143-4
predictions and forecasts 174-9
see also regression probability, conditional 154
joint/intersected 153
project planning and management 55-8
Purdie, N. et al., language attitudes 238-40
qualitative research, definition 10-11
quantitative research, definition 10-11,
16-17
quartiles 129-31
question sequencing 75-6, 81
quintiles 129-31
R (software) 251-3
R2 171
range 133-4
ranks 223-4
tied ranks 224
Rasinger, S., Bengali-English 50, 68,
166,170
ratio 97-8
regression, multiple 181-4
simple 174-81
reliability 27-30
representativeness 46, 49
research design see designs, research response sets 67, 75
Sadighi, F.,
listening comprehension and input (with Zare, S.) 191-5,199,202, 210,230
safety, researchers' 54 see also ethics sample 46-7
sampling, error 49-50
opportunity/convenience/
snowball 50-1
random/probabilistic 47-9
systematic 48-9
scatter plot 114-15, 162-4
Sebba, M., London Jamaican 22
semantic differentials 65-6, 71
significance p 172, 174
skew 141
skewed distributions 140-3
slope, of trendline 175-6
Spearman's rank correlation 221-5
Spearman's rho 222
split-half method 29
SPSS (software) 78, 165, 182, 250-1
standard deviation 134-6
standard error 143-6
standard score see z-score statistics, descriptive 119
inference 47, 119
sum of squares 135
sums 94-5
surreptitious data collection 52
see also ethics
T (Wilcoxon) see Wilcoxon signed-
rank test tails, 1-tailed and 2-tailed 190
tautology 30
test-retest method 29,184-5
theory 33
trendline also see regression,
simple 175
Trudgill, P., Norwich 108-11
t-test 192
dependent 200-3
independent 196-200
type I/II error 173
U (Mann-Whitney) 230-2
union, of events 152 see also probability
validity 27-30
values, critical 159 see also
significance values, outlying/extreme 125
variable,
definition 18
dependent 22-3
independent 22-3
latent 23-4, 30, 166, 203
variance 134-6
variance, analysis of see ANOVA
variance, multivariate analysis
of see MANOVA
Wilcoxon signed-rank test 226-30
within-subjects designs 42-3
Wolfram, W., Detroit 108-11
Woods, N., New Zealand English 39-40
Zare, S.,
listening comprehension and input (with Sadighi, F.)191-5, 199,202, 210, 230
z-scores 136-7, 140
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